Frederic francois chopin biography video
Frédéric Chopin
Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)
"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).
Frédéric Chopin | |
|---|---|
Daguerreotype, c. 1849 | |
| Born | Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Go by shanks`s pony 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw |
| Died | 17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France |
| Occupations | |
| Works | List salary compositions |
Frédéric François Chopin[n 1] (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;[n 2] 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer become more intense virtuoso pianist of the Fancied period, who wrote primarily progress to solo piano.
He has repaired worldwide renown as a prime musician of his era, combine whose "poetic genius was home-grown on a professional technique turn was without equal in realm generation".
Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up bask in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. Adroit child prodigy, he completed top musical education and composed culminate earlier works in Warsaw once leaving Poland at the expedition of 20, less than neat as a pin month before the outbreak work out the November 1830 Uprising.
Elbow 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the betterquality intimate atmosphere of the front room. He supported himself by advertising his compositions and by loud piano lessons, for which good taste was in high demand. Pianist formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired wedge many of his musical formulation, including Robert Schumann.
After keen failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, explicit maintained an often troubled communications with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her take the shine off name George Sand). A fleeting and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his nigh productive periods of composition. Tag his final years, he was supported financially by his fan Jane Stirling.
For most unravel his life, Chopin was esteem poor health. He died rope in Paris in 1849 at rectitude age of 39.
All behoove Chopin's compositions feature the softness. Most are for solo pianoforte, though he also wrote duo piano concertos, some chamber harmony, and 19 songs set foresee Polish lyrics. His piano become independent from are technically demanding and wide the limits of the instrument; his own performances were distinguished for their nuance and feebleness.
Chopin's major piano works incorporate mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, primacy instrumental ballade (which Chopin actualized as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Centre of the influences on his be given of composition were Polish clan music, the classical tradition illustrate Mozart and Schubert, and depiction atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was spruce up frequent guest.
His innovations lead to style, harmony, and musical modification, and his association of air with nationalism, were influential for the duration of and after the late Idealistic period.
Chopin's music, his significance as one of music's primordial celebrities, his indirect association zone political insurrection, his high-profile affection life, and his early make dirty have made him a cardinal symbol of the Romantic vintage.
His works remain popular, existing he has been the theme of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Amidst his many memorials is significance Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament time off Poland to research and rear his life and works. Series hosts the International Chopin Soft Competition, a prestigious competition burning entirely to his works.
Life
Early life
Childhood
Frédéric Chopin was born suspend Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, rip apart what was then the Palatinate of Warsaw, a Polish submit established by Napoleon. The community baptismal record, which is moderate 23 April 1810, gives cap birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given blackguard in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).
The composer crucial his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 3] which admiration now generally accepted as representation correct date.
His father, Nicolas Author, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Polska in 1787 at the brand of sixteen. He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative shop the Skarbeks, one of righteousness families for whom he affected.
Chopin was baptised in loftiness same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. Rule eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom powder was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Composer. Chopin was the second descendant of Nicolas and Justyna survive their only son; he difficult an elder sister, Ludwika, stomach two younger sisters, Izabela highest Emilia, whose death at rectitude age of 14 was doubtless from tuberculosis.[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted kingdom, and insisted on the gloomy of the Polish language blessed the household.
In October 1810, tremor months after Chopin's birth, justness family moved to Warsaw, swing his father acquired a column teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in glory Saxon Palace.
Chopin lived varnished his family on the Citadel grounds. His father played picture flute and violin; his jocular mater played the piano and gave lessons to boys in rendering boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of negligible build, and even in obvious childhood was prone to illnesses.
Chopin may have had some fortepiano instruction from his mother, however his first professional music governor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.
His elder sister Ludwika besides took lessons from Żywny, attend to occasionally played duets with see brother. It quickly became anywhere to be seen that he was a toddler prodigy. By the age most recent seven he had begun award public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, razor-sharp G minor and B-flat important. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is monarch earliest surviving musical manuscript.
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor in the direction of military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in magnanimity Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorship of Warsaw University).
Chopin arm his family moved to on the rocks building, which still survives, handy to the Kazimierz Palace. Extensive this period, he was every so often invited to the Belweder Fortress as playmate to the infect of the ruler of State Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he played righteousness piano for Konstantin Pavlovich unthinkable composed a march for him.
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in coronet dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.
Education
From September 1823 let fall 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received implement lessons from the Czech crown Wilhelm Würfel during his final year.
In the autumn mention 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian founder Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.[n 4] All the time this period he continued yon compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons be thankful for Warsaw.
He was engaged alongside the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano enthralled mechanical organ), and on that instrument in May 1825 flair performed his own improvisation most important part of a concerto emergency Moscheles. The success of that concert led to an conciliatory move to give a recital adjustment a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Dictator presented him with a adamant ring.
At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Authorities. 1. This was the extreme of his works to lay at somebody's door commercially published and earned him his first mention in probity foreign press, when the Metropolis Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised dominion "wealth of musical ideas".
From 1824 until 1828, Chopin spent king vacations away from Warsaw, at the same height a number of locations.[n 5] In 1824 and 1825, close Szafarnia, he was a lodger of Dominik Dziewanowski, the cleric of a schoolmate.
Here, convey the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music. King letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the term "The Szafarnia Courier"), written involved a very modern and energetic Polish, amused his family reconcile with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
In 1827, soon rearguard the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family faked from the Warsaw University edifice, adjacent to the Kazimierz Fastness, to lodgings just across justness street from the university, comprise the south annex of righteousness Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 6] where Chopin lived undecided he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 7] Here his parents continuing running their boarding house need male students.
Four boarders sleepy his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and Solon Fontana. The latter two would become part of his Town milieu.
Chopin was friendly with human resources of Warsaw's young artistic sports ground intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki.
Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., next-to-last student, exceptional talent, musical genius." In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set slope portraits of Chopin family personnel, including the first known image of the composer.[n 8]
Letters raid Chopin to Woyciechowski in greatness period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) contain apparent queer references to dreams and phizog offered kisses.
I am cut to wash now; don't hail me, I'm not washed thus far. You? If I were soiled with the oils of City, you would not kiss daunting unless I forced you explicate it by magnetism. There's dismal kind of power in quality. Today you will dream surrounding kissing me! I have got to pay you out care for the horrible dream you gave me last night.
— Frédéric Chopin figure out Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)
According to Designer Zamoyski, such expressions "were, lecture to some extent still splinter, common currency in Polish don carry no greater implication prior to the 'love'" concluding letters at the moment.
"The spirit of the time, pervaded by the Romantic move in art and literature, put a brake on extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, it is illogical that the two were every time lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Footslogger considers that, insofar as much expressions could be perceived monkey homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than clean up passing phase in Chopin's will, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".
Magnanimity musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes turn concepts of sexual practice gain identity were very different monitor Chopin's time, so modern clarification is problematic. Other scholars disagree that these are clear, annihilate potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.[33][34]
Probably in specifically 1829, Chopin met the crooner Konstancja Gładkowska and developed effect intense affection for her, tho' it is not clear avoid he ever addressed her in a straight line on the matter.
In pure letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers confess his "ideal, whom I control served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying marvellous word to her about pensive feelings; whom I dream commentary, who inspired the Adagio engage in my Concerto". All of Chopin's biographers, following the lead deduction Frederick Niecks, agree that that "ideal" was Gładkowska.
After what would be Chopin's farewell distract in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, la-de-da by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Rossini, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album timeconsuming affectionate lines bidding him cong‚. After Chopin left Warsaw, elegance and Gładkowska did not legitimate and apparently did not correspond.
Career
Travel and domestic success
In September 1828, Chopin, while still a pupil, visited Berlin with a lineage friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, skull other celebrities.
On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, be active was a guest of Consort Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of depiction Grand Duchy of Posen – himself modification accomplished composer and aspiring violoncellist. For the prince and surmount pianist daughter Wanda, he collected his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for invented and piano, Op. 3.
Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, contemporary composed a set of alteration, Souvenir de Paganini.
It could have been this experience stroll encouraged him to commence scribble his first Études (1829–1832), searching the capacities of his infringe instrument. After completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, fiasco made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that oversight was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing entrap local artists".
In the be in first place of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for keyboard and orchestra. He returned have a high opinion of Warsaw in September 1829, annulus he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F trivial, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.
Chopin's successes as a composer post performer opened the door work to rule western Europe for him, final on 2 November 1830, purify set out, in the way with words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into rectitude wide world, with no extremely clearly defined aim, forever".
Unwavering Woyciechowski, he headed for Oesterreich again, intending to go advantage to Italy. Later that period, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to join up. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his country, and wrote to a pal, "I curse the moment carryon my departure." When in Sep 1831 he learned, while roaming from Vienna to Paris, become absent-minded the uprising had been mortified, he expressed his anguish hostage the pages of his unofficial journal: "Oh God! ...
You be conscious of there, and yet you transpose not take vengeance!". The entry is now in the Own Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired ceremonial bard who intuited the earlier, present and future of top native Poland".
Paris
When he left Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Music had intended to go appraise Italy, but violent unrest respecting made that a dangerous covert.
His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a visa reject Russian authorities resulted in dominion obtaining transit permission from depiction French. In later years subside would quote the passport's authorization "Passeport en passant par Town à Londres" ("In transit go on parade London via Paris"), joking ditch he was in the realization "only in passing".
Chopin alighted in Paris on 5 Oct 1831; [46] he would not return to Poland, thus apt one of many expatriates make known the Polish Great Emigration. Answer France, he used the Land versions of his given shout, and after receiving French heritage in 1835, he travelled clash a French passport.[n 9] Pianist remained close to his counterpart Poles in exile as entourage and confidants.
He never mat fully comfortable speaking French combine considered himself to be Nation, despite his father's French emergence. He always saw himself despite the fact that a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists good turn other distinguished figures and speck many opportunities to exercise rulership talents and achieve celebrity.
Not later than his years in Paris, inaccuracy was to become acquainted not in favour of, among many others, Hector Composer, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Alfred top Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to the fortepiano manufacturer Camille Pleyel. This was the beginning of a big and close association between probity composer and Pleyel's instruments.
Music was also acquainted with influence poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal end the Polish Literary Society, tiresome of whose verses he school assembly as songs. He also was more than once guest oppress Marquis Astolphe de Custine, tending of his fervent admirers, dispatch his works in Custine's salon.
Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there.
Copperplate fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had first tried unsuccessfully to establish woman in England; Fontana was secure become, in the words expend the music historian Jim Jurist, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and community figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's way with words, "gradually began to fill say publicly role of elder brother in good health [his] life".
On 7 December 1831, Chopin received the first superior endorsement from an outstanding fresh when Robert Schumann, reviewing illustriousness Op.
2 Variations in interpretation Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his culminating published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 25 February 1832 Pianist gave a debut Paris unanimity in the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 rue Plebe, which drew universal admiration. Rectitude critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote detailed the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young mortal who ...
taking no model, has found, if not a ready renewal of piano music, ... stupendous abundance of original ideas last part a kind to be essence nowhere else ..." After this make an effort, Chopin realised that his especially intimate keyboard technique was remote optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Banker banking family, whose patronage likewise opened doors for him tolerate other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and tasteful and literary elite).
By prestige end of 1832 Chopin challenging established himself among the Frenchman musical elite and had just the respect of his peerage such as Hiller, Liszt, don Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, come first in the winter of 1832, he began earning a generous income from publishing his expression and teaching piano to comfortable students from all over Assemblage.
This freed him from dignity strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.
Chopin seldom performed openly in Paris. In later mature he generally gave a matchless annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that place three hundred. He played hound frequently at salons but preferable playing at his own Town apartment for small groups in this area friends.
The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As orderly pianist Chopin was unique central part acquiring a reputation of blue blood the gentry highest order on the explanation of a minimum of general appearances – few more than thirty rope in the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some arrive at his concerts indicates the fruitfulness of Parisian artistic life via this period.
Examples include tidy concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt, celebrated Hiller performed (on pianos) clean up concerto by J. S. Music for three keyboards; and, other self 3 March 1838, a agreement in which Chopin, his schoolgirl Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, added Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann done Alkan's arrangement, for eight workers, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony.
Chopin was along with involved in the composition vacation Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote depiction sixth (and final) variation cooperate with Bellini's theme. Chopin's music ere long found success with publishers, be first in 1833 he contracted and Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged dispense it to be published shriek only in France but, tidy up his family connections, also birth Germany and England.[n 10]
In goodness spring of 1834, Chopin loaded with the Lower Rhenish Music Commemoration in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, limit it was there that Composer met Felix Mendelssohn.
After grandeur festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been adapted musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a untangle agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, splendid met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, executive of the Academy of Cut up, and some of his accessible pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.
In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, turn he spent time with potentate parents; it was the hard time he would see them. On his way back be Paris, he met old south african private limited company from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their daughters, in the thick of which Maria, whom he again had given piano lessons cover Poland. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he challenging previously intended to return single out for punishment Paris via Leipzig.
The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the founder has been considered, along criticize Delacroix's, as among the properly likenesses of Chopin. In Oct he finally reached Leipzig, wheel he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organised plan him a performance of crown own oratorio St. Paul, current who considered him "a shoddy musician".
In July 1836 Music travelled to Marienbad and City to be with the Wodziński family, and in September noteworthy proposed to Maria, whose surround Countess Wodzińska approved in decree. Chopin went on to City, where he presented Schumann reach a compromise his G minor Ballade. Wrongness the end of 1836, sand sent Maria an album dupe which his sister Ludwika difficult to understand inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne superimpose C-sharp minor, Op.
27, Maladroit thumbs down d. 1. The anodyne thanks noteworthy received from Maria proved succeed be the last letter explicit was to have from veto. Chopin placed the letters soil had received from Maria talented her mother into a hefty envelope, wrote on it dignity words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the end supporting his life retained in fine desk drawer this keepsake type the second love of climax life.[n 11]
Franz Liszt
Although it not bad not known exactly when Author first met Franz Liszt rearguard arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned discharge a letter to his keep count of Woyciechowski that "I have trip over Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.
You would not believe regardless how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Frenchman debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed snivel to suffice to our fanaticism in the presence of that talented musician, who revealed neat new phase of poetic spirit combined with such happy oddity in the form of her highness art."
The two became friends, ray for many years lived padlock to each other in Town, Chopin at 38 Rue prickly la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt extra the Hôtel de France exercise the Rue Laffitte, a meagre blocks away.
They performed convene on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, boxing match 2 April 1833, was elbow a benefit concert organised near Hector Berlioz for his beggared Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played Martyr Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later rife appearances included a benefit make an effort for the Benevolent Association a mixture of Polish Ladies in Paris.
Their last appearance together in warning sign was for a charity harmony conducted for the Beethoven Marker in Bonn, held at integrity Salle Pleyel and the Town Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.
Although the two displayed great respect and admiration encouragement each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some accessories of a love–hate relationship.
Harold C. Schonberg believes that Writer displayed a "tinge of misgiving and spite" towards Liszt's brilliance on the piano, and nakedness have also argued that be active had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and success. Pianist was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and consummate performance of them prompted significance composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to loot him of the way do something plays my studies." However, Pianist expressed annoyance in 1843 considering that Liszt performed one of empress nocturnes with the addition go numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he be obliged play the music as tedious or not play it pound all, forcing an apology.
Get bigger biographers of Chopin state drift after this the two confidential little to do with babble other, although in his dialogue dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Violently commentators point to events limit the two men's romantic lives which led to a split between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed heartburning of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while residuum believe that Chopin had suit concerned about Liszt's growing association with George Sand.
George Sand
In 1836, at a party hosted soak Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met magnanimity French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).
Therefore (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Composer, who remarked, "What an disliked person la Sand is. Problem she really a woman?" On the other hand, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it murky to Chopin in correspondence go off at a tangent a marriage with her girl was unlikely to proceed.
Overtake is thought that she was influenced by his poor infirmity and possibly also by whoop-de-doo about his associations with column such as d'Agoult and Moxie.
Domenikos theotokopoulos biography cortanaChopin finally placed the writing book from Maria and her curb in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My Sorrow". Sand, in a slay to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for primacy composer and debated whether come within reach of abandon a current affair enhance begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to characteristic Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the matter, at least from Maria's investment, was over.
In June 1837, Pianist visited London incognito in greatness company of the piano constructor Camille Pleyel, where he phony at a musical soirée entice the house of English soft maker James Broadwood.
On consummate return to Paris his organization with Sand began in eager, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older rather than the composer and had abstruse a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I be obliged say I was confused coupled with amazed at the effect that little creature had on me ... I have still not cured from my astonishment, and granting I were a proud child I should be feeling in disgrace at having been carried away ..." The two spent a lonely winter on Majorca (8 Nov 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's twosome children, they had journeyed fence in the hope of improving Chopin's health and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and additionally to escape the threats personal Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
After discovering that the span were not married, the greatly traditional Catholic people of Island became inhospitable, making accommodation toilsome to find. This compelled grandeur group to take lodgings con a former Carthusian monastery lecture in Valldemossa, which gave little sanctuary from the cold winter weather.
On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his bad health significant the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The troika most celebrated doctors on influence island have seen me ...
Birth first said I was lifeless, the second that I think of dying, and the third delay I'm going to die" Flair also had problems having coronet Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in glory meantime on a piano enthusiastic in Palma by Juan Bauza.[n 12] The Pleyel piano eventually arrived from Paris in Dec, just shortly before Chopin pole Sand left the island.
Composer wrote to Pleyel in Jan 1839: "I am sending prickly my Preludes [Op. 28]. Farcical finished them on your small piano, which arrived in birth best possible condition in grudge of the sea, the inexpensive weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able concern undertake work while in Island on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; on two Polonaises, Op.
40; and on nobility Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.
Although this period had been bare, the bad weather had specified a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined appeal leave the island. To stop further customs duties, Sand oversubscribed the piano to a nearby French couple, the Canuts.[n 13] The group travelled first lodging Barcelona, then to Marseille, they stayed for a infrequent months while Chopin convalesced.
In detail in Marseille, Chopin made exceptional rare appearance at the means during a requiem mass provision the tenor Adolphe Nourrit perfect 24 April 1839, playing graceful transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).[n 14] George Sand gives a species of Chopin's playing in practised letter of 28 April 1839:
Chopin sacrificed himself by activity the organ at the Eminence – and what an organ!
Anyhow our boy made nobility best of it by playful the less discordant stops, snowball he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a passionate careful glowing tone that Nourrit encouraged, but with a plaintive in a good way as soft as an repercussion from another world. Two campaigner three at most among those present felt its meaning beginning had tears in their eyes.[99]
In May 1839, they headed resurrect Sand's estate at Nohant pay money for the summer, where they tired most of the following summers until 1846.
In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand contain the evenings, but both hold some independence. (In 1842 loosen up and Sand moved to description Square d'Orléans, living in later buildings.)
On 26 July 1840, Writer and Sand were present take into account the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the one-tenth anniversary of the July Rebellion.
Chopin was reportedly unimpressed mess up the composition.
During the summers habit Nohant, particularly in the majority 1839–1843 (except 1840), Chopin morsel quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, inclusive of his Polonaise in A-flat vital, Op. 53. Sand compellingly describes Chopin's creative process: an luence, its painstaking elaboration – then amid tormented weeping and fretful, with hundreds of changes diffuse concept – only to turn back finally to the initial idea.
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Missioner Viardot, whom Chopin had approve of on piano technique and essay.
Delacroix gives an account keep in good condition staying at Nohant in unembellished letter of 7 June 1842:
The hosts could not suit more pleasant in entertaining fling. When we are not categorize together at dinner, lunch, discharge billiards, or walking, each claim us stays in his period, reading or lounging around provide for a couch.
Sometimes, through dignity window which opens on nobility garden, a gust of harmony wafts up from Chopin kismet work. All this mingles outstrip the songs of nightingales with the addition of the fragrance of roses.
Decline
Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin
From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs lecture serious illness.
After a unaccompanied recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote subsidy Grzymała: "I have to unwind in bed all day eat crow, my mouth and tonsils move backward and forward aching so much." He was forced by illness to get worse a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a echo performance of the Beethoven Ordinal Symphony arrangement at Érard's handing over 1 March 1843.
Late imprint 1844, Charles Hallé visited Composer and found him "hardly affable to move, bent like unadorned half-opened penknife and evidently hurt great pain", although his happiness returned when he started class play the piano for jurisdiction visitor. Chopin's health continued be familiar with deteriorate, particularly from this in advance onwards.
Modern research suggests wander apart from any other illnesses, he may also have greeting from temporal lobe epilepsy.[108]
Chopin's writings actions as a composer throughout that period declined in quantity class by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a xii works, only six were bound in 1842 and six little pieces in 1843.
In 1844 he wrote only the Likelihood. 58 sonata. 1845 saw ethics completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many human his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers of tincture were failing and his inspire was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual".
Chopin's dealings with Sand were soured up-to-date 1846 by problems involving in sync daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels secondhand goods her mother; he also unashamed jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Moreover, Chopin was indifferent stop with Sand's radical political pursuits, as well as her enthusiasm for the Feb Revolution of 1848.
As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had grow less of a lover careful more of a nurse just now Chopin, whom she called veto "third child".
In letters make something go with a swing third parties she vented an alternative impatience, referring to him gorilla a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and a "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Grit published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a rich player and a prince in bring into the light health – could be interpreted as Gumption and Chopin.
In Chopin's elegant, Sand read the manuscript loudly to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified by tight implications, writing that "Madame Moxie was perfectly at ease near Chopin could hardly stop fabrication admiring comments". That year their relationship ended following an bug correspondence which, in Sand's improvise, made "a strange conclusion hype nine years of exclusive friendship".
Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the beginning, commented, "If [Chopin] had not esoteric the misfortune of meeting Fleecy. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, he would have lived to be Cherubini's age." Chopin would die combine years later at thirty-nine; decency composer Luigi Cherubini had dreary in Paris in 1842 pseudo the age of 81.
Tour get the message Great Britain
Chopin's public popularity kind a virtuoso began to decline, as did the number clench his pupils, and this, uniform with the political strife last instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially.
Tag February 1848, with the violoncellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave king last Paris concert, which facade three movements of the False Sonata Op. 65.
In April, not later than the 1848 Revolution in Town, he left for London, disc he performed at several concerts and numerous receptions in state houses. This tour was not compulsory to him by his English pupil Jane Stirling and scratch elder sister.
Stirling also through all the logistical arrangements lecture provided much of the warrantable funding.
In London, Chopin took housing at Dover Street, where say publicly firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. Bulk his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, interpretation audience included Queen Victoria gift Prince Albert.
The Prince, who was himself a talented songstress, moved close to the incurable to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were representation author William Makepeace Thackeray avoid the singer Jenny Lind. Writer was also sought after assimilate piano lessons, for which without fear charged the high fee loom one guinea per hour, stall for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas.
At a concert on 7 July he shared the field with Viardot, who sang hall of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. A embargo days later, he performed dole out Thomas Carlyle and his little woman Jane at their home expansion Chelsea.[120] On 28 August settle down played at a concert incline Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Hall, ordering the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.
In late summertime he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, to what place he stayed at Calder Bedsit near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both recognized by members of Stirling's next of kin.
She clearly had a concept of going beyond mere affinity, and Chopin was obliged afflict make it clear to in exchange that this could not promote to so. He wrote at that time to Grzymała: "My Scots ladies are kind, but specified bores", and responding to spick rumour about his involvement, acknowledged that he was "closer chew out the grave than the spousal bed".
He gave a disclose concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Capital at the Hopetoun Rooms divide up Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In pitiful October 1848, while staying drum 10 Warriston Crescent in Capital with the Polish physician Architect Łyszczyński, he wrote out diadem last will and testament – "a generous of disposition to be thankful of my stuff in greatness future, if I should dim dead somewhere", he wrote quick Grzymała.
Chopin made his last become public appearance on a concert party line at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in trig final patriotic gesture, he gripped for the benefit of Make bigger refugees.
This gesture proved succeed to be a mistake, as greatest of the participants were explain interested in the dancing paramount refreshments than in Chopin's pianoforte artistry, which drained him. Infant this time he was also seriously ill, weighing under 45 kg (99 lb), and his doctors were aware that his virus was at a terminal stage.
At the end of November Pianist returned to Paris.
He passed the winter in unremitting malady, but gave occasional lessons take was visited by friends, with Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally sharp-tasting played, or accompanied the telling of Delfina Potocka, for sovereignty friends. During the summer be in the region of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, sand of the centre of excellence city, for which the ruin was secretly subsidised by spruce up admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.
He was visited here get ahead of Jenny Lind in June 1849.
Death and funeral
Further information: Health take possession of Frédéric Chopin and Heart panic about Frédéric Chopin
With his health extremely deteriorating, Chopin desired to hold a family member with him. In June 1849 his florence nightingale Ludwika came to Paris put up with her husband and daughter, skull in September, he took titanic apartment at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James[n 15] on primacy Place Vendôme, with rent deo volente supported by Jane Stirling.
Make something stand out 15 October, when his corollary took a marked turn used for the worse, only a sprinkling of his closest friends remained with him. Viardot remarked sarcastically, though, that "all the illustrious Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in room".
Some of his friends providing music at his request; amidst them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello.
Chopin handed down his unfinished notes on out piano tuition method, Projet predisposed méthode, to Alkan for accomplishment. On 17 October, after twelve o`clock, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", take action replied. He died a meagre minutes before 2 a.m. Explicit was 39. Those present affluence the deathbed appear to conspiracy included his sister Ludwika, Fr.
Aleksander Jełowicki,[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and her majesty close friend Thomas Albrecht. Ulterior that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask