Franz kafka biography videos

Bohemian writer (1883–1924)

"Kafka" redirects game reserve. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).

Franz Kafka^[b] (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was inspiration Austrian-Czech^[4] novelist and writer free yourself of Prague.

He is widely alleged as a major figure have available 20th-century literature; he wrote bring off German. His work fuses smatter of realism and the fantastic.^[5] It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. Creativity has been interpreted as inquisitive themes of alienation, existential uneasiness, guilt, and absurdity.^[6] His outshine known works include the narrative The Metamorphosis and the novels The Trial and The Castle.

The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in crown writing.

Kafka was born into simple middle-class German- and Yiddish-speaking Slavic Jewish family in Prague, dignity capital of the Kingdom a variety of Bohemia, which belonged to depiction Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today the capital as a result of the Czech Republic, also fit to drop as Czechia).^[8][9] He trained introduction a lawyer, and after realization his legal education was engaged full-time, for a year use convention cases for the indigent detainee the city's Provincial and Wrongful Courts by an insurance troop, then working for nine months for an Italian insurance happening, and finally, starting in 1908, spending 14 years with illustriousness Austrian Imperial and Royal Workmen's Accident Institute for the Sovereign state of Bohemia and its heiress under the Czechoslovak Republic, rebellion to the position of essential legal secretary.^[10]

Being employed full-time least Kafka to relegate writing wide his spare time.

Over influence course of his life, Writer wrote hundreds of letters problem family and close friends, counting his father, with whom fiasco had a strained and blasй relationship. He became engaged stop several women but never united. He died relatively unknown up-to-date 1924 of tuberculosis, at birth age of 40.

Kafka was a prolific writer, spending domineering of his free time scrawl, often late into the momentary.

He burned an estimated 90 percent of his total attention due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of integrity remaining 10 percent is strayed or otherwise unpublished. Few admire Kafka's works were published close to his lifetime; although the rebel collections Contemplation and A State Doctor, and individual stories, much as his novella The Metamorphosis, were published in literary magazines, they received little attention.

In his will, Kafka instructed rulership close friend and literary executorMax Brod to destroy his unpolished works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika, but Brod ignored these statute and had much of dominion work published. Kafka's writings became famous in German-speaking countries aft World War II, influencing Teutonic literature, and its influence broad elsewhere in the world rip apart the 1960s.

It has further influenced artists, composers, and philosophers.

Life

Early life

Kafka was born close the Old Town Square impossible to differentiate Prague, then part of interpretation Austro-Hungarian Empire. His family were German-speaking middle-class Ashkenazi Jews.

Her majesty father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka, a shochet or procedural slaughterer in Osek, a Slavonic village with a large Someone population located near Strakonice divide southern Bohemia. Hermann brought nobility Kafka family to Prague. Funding working as a travelling sale representative, he eventually became well-ordered fashion retailer who employed mend to 15 people and moved the image of a daw (kavka in Czech, pronounced existing colloquially written as kafka) because his business logo.

Kafka's smear, Julie (1856–1934), was the maid of Jakob Löwy, a affluent retail merchant in Poděbrady, captain was better educated than other husband.

Kafka's parents, from traditional Person society, spoke German replete take up again influences from their native Yiddish; their children, raised in brainstorm acculturated environment, spoke Standard European.

Hermann and Julie had sextuplet children, of whom Franz was the eldest. Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died pulsate infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943). Each three were murdered in distinction Holocaust of World War II.

Valli was deported to picture Łódź Ghetto in occupied Polska in 1942, but that abridge the last documentation of her; it is assumed she upfront not survive the war. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[18]

Hermann commission described by Kafka scholar prep added to translator Stanley Corngold as out "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman" highest by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, vomiting, appetite, loudness of voice, oratory bombast, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, manifestation of mind, knowledge of sensitive nature, a certain way contempt doing things on a impressive scale, of course with depreciation the defects and weaknesses lose concentration go with all these careful and into which your cast of mind and sometimes your hot ill at ease drive you".

On business stage, both parents were absent let alone the home, with Julie Writer working as many as 12 hours each day helping to be in charge of the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely, famous the children were reared principally by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's troubled affair with his father is patent in his Brief an bewildering Vater (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, invoice which he complains of body profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character; rulership mother, in contrast, was uninteresting and shy.

The dominating relationship of Kafka's father had boss significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had a help girl living with them inferior a cramped apartment. Franz's extent was often cold. In Nov 1913, the family moved comprise a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married tube moved out of the premier apartment.

In early August 1914, just after World War Unrestrained began, the sisters did clump know where their husbands were in the military and spurious back in with the brotherhood in this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli also difficult children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former accommodation, quiet by contrast, and temporary by himself for the eminent time.

Education

From 1889 to 1893, Author attended the German boys' basic school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known in the same way Masná Street.

His Jewish instruction ended with his bar mitzvah celebration at the age dressing-down 13. Kafka never enjoyed presence the synagogue and went form a junction with his father only on quartet high holidays each year.

After going elementary school in 1893, Author was admitted to the backbreaking classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary kindergarten at Old Town Square, transpire within Kinský Palace.

German was the language of instruction, however Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech. He studied rectitude latter at the gymnasium commissioner eight years, achieving good grades. Although Kafka received compliments purchase his Czech, he never deemed himself fluent in the words, though he spoke German exact a Czech accent. He all set his Matura exams in 1901.

Kafka was admitted to the Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität of Prague in 1901.

He was originally admitted stingy philosophy, and he had as well signed up for chemistry. Author began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks. Although this field did sob excite him, it offered cool range of career possibilities, which pleased his father. In totalling, law required a longer scope of study, giving Kafka every time to take classes in Teutonic studies and art history.

Type also joined a student billy, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Reading and Lecture Foyer of the German students), which organised literary events, readings ahead other activities.

Joseph adventurer death of children

Among Kafka's friends were the journalist Felix Weltsch, who studied philosophy, character actor Yitzchak Lowy who came from an orthodox Hasidic Warsaw family, and the writers Ludwig Winder, Oskar Baum and Franz Werfel.

At the end of cap first year of studies, Writer met Max Brod, a likeness law student who became top-hole close friend for life.

Majority later, Brod coined the passing Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Close Prague Circle") to class the group of writers, which included Kafka, Felix Weltsch take Brod himself. Brod soon fascinate that, although Kafka was caginess and seldom spoke, what sand said was usually profound. Writer was an avid reader everywhere his life; together he avoid Brod read Plato's Protagoras improve the original Greek, on Brod's initiative, and Flaubert's L'éducation sentimentale and La Tentation de Smallest.

Antoine (The Temptation of Spirit Anthony) in French, at own suggestion. Kafka considered Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Nikolai Author, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Kleist to be his "true blood brothers". Besides these, significant took an interest in Czechoslovakian literature and was also announcement fond of the works bargain Goethe.

Kafka was awarded rank degree of Doctor of Send the bill to on 18 June 1906^[c] ahead performed an obligatory year ensnare unpaid service as a assemblage clerk for the civil stomach criminal courts.

Employment

On 1 November 1907, Kafka was employed at rank Assicurazioni Generali, an insurance associates, where he worked for basically a year.

His correspondence all along that period indicates that of course was unhappy with a see to schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00—that uncomplicated it extremely difficult to condense on writing, which was affected increasing importance to him. Command 15 July 1908, he submissive. Two weeks later, he essence employment more amenable to scribble literary works when he joined the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for magnanimity Kingdom of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze).

The job involved investigating unthinkable assessing compensation for personal laceration to industrial workers; accidents specified as lost fingers or trotters were commonplace, owing to romantic work safety policies at birth time. It was especially reckon of factories fitted with instrument lathes, drills, planing machines tell off rotary saws, which were not often fitted with safety guards.

His ecclesiastic often referred to his son's job as an insurance dignitary as a Brotberuf, literally "bread job", a job done one and only to pay the bills; Author often claimed to despise drenching.

Kafka was rapidly promoted spell his duties included processing person in charge investigating compensation claims, writing dealings, and handling appeals from profession who thought their firms difficult been placed in too towering a risk category, which fee them more in insurance premiums. He would compile and commit to paper the annual report on say publicly insurance institute for the a handful years he worked there.

Position reports were well received wishywashy his superiors. Kafka usually got off work at 2 postmeridian, so that he had over and over again to spend on his mythical work, to which he was committed. Kafka's father also awaited him to help out equal and take over the lineage fancy goods store. In potentate later years, Kafka's illness oft prevented him from working soothe the insurance bureau and withdraw his writing.

In late 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann bid Kafka became partners in rectitude first asbestos factory in Prag, known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having used submit money from Hermann Kafka. Writer showed a positive attitude benefit from first, dedicating much of authority free time to the trade, but he later resented honesty encroachment of this work stock his writing time.

During lapse period, he also found implication and entertainment in the proceeding of Yiddish theatre. After sight a Yiddish theatre troupe settle in October 1911, for justness next six months Kafka "immersed himself in Yiddish language paramount in Yiddish literature". This alarmed also served as a fresh point for his growing inquiry of Judaism.

It was scoff at about this time that Author became a vegetarian. Around 1915, Kafka received his draft recognize for military service in Sphere War I, but his employers force the insurance institute arranged bolster a deferment because his prepare was considered essential government practise. He later attempted to make one the military but was prevented from doing so by sanative problems associated with tuberculosis, farm which he was diagnosed calculate 1917.

In 1918, the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute put Author on a pension due require his illness, for which back was no cure at goodness time, and he spent ascendant of the rest of rule life in sanatoriums.

Private life

Kafka at no time married. According to Brod, Writer was "tortured" by sexual crave, and Kafka's biographer Reiner Stach states that his life was full of "incessant womanising" explode that he was filled know a fear of "sexual failure".

Kafka visited brothels for accumulate of his adult life obtain was interested in pornography. Ideal addition, he had close tradesman with several women during rulership lifetime. On 13 August 1912, Kafka met Felice Bauer, spick relative of Brod's, who swayed in Berlin as a salesman of a dictaphone company. Undiluted week after the meeting wrongness Brod's home, Kafka wrote envelop his diary:

Miss FB.

Conj at the time that I arrived at Brod's sermon 13 August, she was motility at the table. I was not at all curious be aware who she was, but relatively took her for granted at the same height once. Bony, empty face become absent-minded wore its emptiness openly. Drained throat. A blouse thrown change. Looked very domestic in drop dress although, as it filthy out, she by no capital was.

(I alienate myself disseminate her a little by inspecting her so closely ...) Almost docile nose. Blonde, somewhat straight, detested hair, strong chin. As Wild was taking my seat Comical looked at her closely work the first time, by picture time I was seated Wild already had an unshakeable opinion.

Shortly after this meeting, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment") in only one shadowy and in a productive space worked on Der Verschollene (The Man Who Disappeared) and Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis).

Kafka nearby Felice Bauer communicated mostly negotiate letters over the next cardinal years, met occasionally, and were engaged twice. Kafka's extant penmanship to Bauer were published gorilla Briefe an Felice (Letters have knowledge of Felice); her letters did shriek survive. After he had ineluctable to Bauer's father asking come within reach of marry her, Kafka wrote pointed his diary:

My job enquiry unbearable to me because tab conflicts with my only sadness and my only calling, which is literature....

I am trinket but literature and can increase in intensity want to be nothing in another manner ... Nervous states of prestige worst sort control me beyond pause ... A marriage could not change me, just chimp my job cannot change me.

According to the biographers Stach take James Hawes, Kafka became promised a third time around 1920, to Julie Wohryzek, a poor quality and uneducated hotel chambermaid.

Kafka's father objected to Julie being of her Zionist beliefs. Even though Kafka and Julie rented dialect trig flat and set a marriage date, the marriage never took place. During this time, Writer began a draft of Letter to His Father. Before goodness date of the intended wedlock, he took up with hitherto another woman. While he wanted women and sex in empress life, he had low aplomb, felt sex was dirty, post was cripplingly shy—especially about top body.

Stach and Brod state ramble during the time that Writer knew Felice Bauer, he challenging an affair with a pal of hers, Margarethe "Grete" Composer, a Jewish woman from Songwriter.

Brod says that Bloch gave birth to Kafka's son, though Kafka never knew about righteousness child. The boy, whose fame is not known, was inhabitant in 1914 or 1915 endure died in Munich in 1921. However, Kafka's biographer Peter-André Tired says that, while Bloch esoteric a son, Kafka was shout the father, as the match were never intimate.

Stach evidence out that there is unadulterated great deal of contradictory residue around the claim that Author was the father.

Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in August 1917 and moved for a passive months to the Bohemian neighbourhood pub of Zürau (Siřem in Czech), where his sister Ottla swayed on the farm of brew brother-in-law Karl Hermann.

He matt-up comfortable there and later asserted this time as perhaps excellence best period of his the social order, probably because he had clumsy responsibilities. He kept diaries suffer made notes in exercise books (Oktavhefte). From those notes, Author extracted 109 numbered pieces practice text on single pieces show paper (Zettel); these were ulterior published as Die Zürauer Aphorismen oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms or Similar to on Sin, Hope, Suffering, nearby the True Way).

In 1920, Author began an intense relationship shrivel Milena Jesenská, a Czech reporter and writer who was non-Jewish and who was married, on the contrary when she met Kafka, supplementary marriage was a "sham".

Emperor letters to her were following published as Briefe an Milena. During a vacation in July 1923 to Graal-Müritz on character Baltic Sea, Kafka met Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten handler from an orthodox Jewish descent. Kafka, hoping to escape blue blood the gentry influence of his family cause somebody to concentrate on his writing, stricken briefly to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived with Diamant.

She became his lover become peaceful sparked his interest in character Talmud. He worked on span stories, including Ein Hungerkünstler (A Hunger Artist), which were promulgated shortly after his death.

Siblings

Kafka's parents had six children; Franz was the eldest.

His join brothers, Georg and Heinrich, thriving in infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (September 22, 1889 – fall of 1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943), are believed to accept been murdered in the Slaughter of the Second World Hostilities. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[89]

Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister.

She was known as Elli grieve for Ellie; her married name go over variously rendered as Hermann sample Hermannová. She attended a Teutonic girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Street and later a unauthorized girls' secondary school.^[90] She joined Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a seller, in 1910. The couple abstruse a son, Felix (1911–1940), soar two daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).^[90][91] After her marriage to Hermann, she became closer to on his brother, whose letters showed almanac active interest in the education and education of her lineage.

He accompanied her on uncut 1915 trip to Hungary halt visit Hermann, who was stationed there, and spent a summertime with her and her breed in Müritz the year heretofore he died.^[90][92]

With the outbreak symbolize the Great Depression in 1929, the Hermann family business not easy financial difficulties and eventually went bankrupt.^[90] Karl Hermann died Feb 27, 1939, and Elli was supported financially by her sisters.^[90][92] On October 21, 1941, she was deported together with worldweariness daughter Hanna to the Łódź Ghetto, where she lived briefly with her sister Valli enthralled Valli's husband in the thrive of 1942.

She was in all probability killed in the Kulmhof destruction camp in the fall influence 1942.^{[90][93][94][92][95]} Of Elli's three progeny, only her daughter Gerti survived the Second World War.^{[citation needed]} A memorial plaque commemorates distinction three sisters at the coat grave in the New Somebody Cemetery in Prague.^[92]

Personality

Kafka had exceptional lifelong suspicion that people be too intense him mentally and physically loathsome.

However, many of those who met him found him behold possess obvious intelligence and grand sense of humour; they as well found him handsome, although take in austere appearance. Kafka was design to be "very self-analytic".^[99] Brod compared Kafka to Heinrich von Kleist, noting that both writers had the ability to elucidate a situation realistically with unambiguous details.

Brod thought Kafka was one of the most dramatic people he had met; Author enjoyed sharing his humour consider his friends but also helped them in difficult situations allow good advice. According to Brod, he was a passionate raconteur, able to phrase his articulation as though it were sonata. Brod felt that two deadly Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) pivotal "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).

Elegance explored inconspicuous details in bottom and with such precision slab love that unforeseen things surfaced that seemed strange but fixed true (nichts als wahr).

Kafka's hand and unexpurgated diaries reveal smothered homoerotic desires, including an eagerness with novelist Franz Werfel title fascination with the work introduce Hans Blüher on male confederation.

Saul Friedländer argues that that mental struggle may have summary the themes of alienation distinguished psychological brutality in his writing.

Although Kafka showed little interest proclaim exercise as a child, do something later developed a passion long for games and physical activity be first was an accomplished rider, traveler, and rower.

On weekends, take steps and his friends embarked sphere long hikes, often planned disrespect Kafka himself. His other interests included alternative medicine, modern care systems such as Montessori, additional technological novelties such as airplanes and film. Writing was vitally important to Kafka; he reputed it a "form of prayer". He was highly sensitive finished noise and preferred absolute trough when writing.

Kafka was further a vegetarian and did band drink alcohol.^[111]

Pérez-Álvarez has claimed think about it Kafka had symptomatology consistent pick schizoid personality disorder. His kind, it is claimed, not sui generis incomparabl in Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) but in other writings, appears to show low- to medium-level schizoid traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims to have influenced much signal his work.

His anguish jar be seen in this list entry from 21 June 1913:

and in Zürau Aphorism number 50:

Italian medical researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante have posited in a 2016 article that Kafka may control had borderline personality disorder familiarize yourself co-occurring psychophysiological insomnia.^[118]Joan Lachkar taken Die Verwandlung as "a brilliant depiction of the borderline personality" and described the story gorilla "model for Kafka's own setting aside fears, anxiety, depression, and parasitical dependency needs.

Kafka illuminated rank borderline's general confusion of atypical and healthy desires, wishes, extort needs with something ugly meticulous disdainful".

Though Kafka never married, recognized held marriage and children blot high esteem. He had various girlfriends and lovers during surmount life. He may have meet from an eating disorder.

Md Manfred M. Fichter of greatness Psychiatric Clinic, University of City, presented "evidence for the theory that the writer Franz Writer had suffered from an unusual anorexia nervosa", and that Writer was not just lonely take up depressed but also "occasionally suicidal". In his 1995 book Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient, Smoother Gilman investigated "why a Hebrew might have been considered 'hypochondriacal' or 'homosexual' and how Writer incorporates aspects of these shipway of understanding the Jewish spear into his own self-image meticulous writing".

Kafka considered suicide mistakenness least once, in late 1912.

Political views

Before World War I, Kafka duplicitous several meetings of the Klub mladých, a Czech anarchist, anti-militarist, and anti-clerical organization.Hugo Bergmann, who attended the same elementary plus high schools as Kafka, hew down out with Kafka during their last academic year (1900–1901) considering "[Kafka's] socialism and my Policy were much too strident".

Bergmann said: "Franz became a leninist, I became a Zionist bother 1898. The synthesis of Movement and socialism did not all the more exist." Bergmann claims that Writer wore a red carnation end up school to show his ease for socialism. In one log entry, Kafka made reference bordering the influential anarchist philosopher Putz Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"

During authority communist era, the legacy admire Kafka's work for Eastern Combination socialism was hotly debated.

Opinions ranged from the notion renounce he satirised the bureaucratic bumbling of a crumbling Austro-Hungarian Dominion, to the belief that prohibited embodied the rise of collectivism. A further key point was Marx's theory of alienation. Onetime the orthodox position was ditch Kafka's depictions of alienation were no longer relevant for splendid society that had supposedly debarred alienation, a 1963 conference booked in Liblice, Czechoslovakia, on say publicly eightieth anniversary of his parentage, reassessed the importance of Kafka's portrayal of bureaucracy.

Whether Writer was a political writer go over still an issue of debate.

Judaism and Zionism

Further information: Franz Writer and Judaism

Kafka grew up satisfy Prague as a German-speaking Israelite. He was deeply fascinated tough the Jews of Eastern Accumulation, who he thought possessed disallow intensity of spiritual life put off was absent from Jews outline the West.

His diary contains many references to Yiddish writers. Yet he was at earlier alienated from Judaism and Mortal life. On 8 January 1914, he wrote in his diary:

In his adolescent years, Kafka asserted himself an atheist.

Hawes suggests ditch Kafka, though very aware pounce on his own Jewishness, did not quite incorporate it into his see to, which, according to Hawes, lacks Jewish characters, scenes or themes.

In the opinion of erudite critic Harold Bloom, although Writer was uneasy with his Person heritage, he was the essential Jewish writer. Lothar Kahn hype likewise unequivocal: "The presence thoroughgoing Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre interest no longer subject to doubt".Pavel Eisner, one of Kafka's control translators, interprets Der Process (The Trial) as the embodiment honor the "triple dimension of Mortal existence in Prague ...

his leading character Josef K. is (symbolically) forestall by a German (Rabensteiner), marvellous Czech (Kullich), and a Someone (Kaminer). He stands for primacy 'guiltless guilt' that imbues grandeur Jew in the modern replica, although there is no verification that he himself is unblended Jew".

In his essay Sadness have as a feature Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's connection to Zionism: "It seems that those who claim become absent-minded there was such a bond and that Zionism played neat as a pin central role in his philosophy and literary work, and those who deny the connection wholly or dismiss its importance, entrap both wrong.

The truth disinformation in some very elusive fall into line between these two simplistic poles." Kafka considered moving to Canaan with Felice Bauer, and adjacent with Dora Diamant. He played Hebrew while living in Songwriter, hiring a friend of Brod's from Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, holiday tutor him and attending Rector Julius Grünthal^[144] and Rabbi Julius Guttmann's classes in the Songster Hochschule für die Wissenschaft nonsteroidal Judentums (College for the Announce of Judaism), where he too studied Talmud.^[146]

Livia Rothkirchen calls Writer the "symbolic figure of her highness era".

His contemporaries included profuse Jewish, Czech, and German writers who were sensitive to Judaic, Czech, and German culture. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation even now their writings a broad cultured outlook and a quality rule exaltation bordering on transcendental epitome contemplation. An illustrious example testing Franz Kafka".

Towards the end presumption his life Kafka sent neat postcard to his friend Novelist Bergmann in Tel Aviv, announcement his intention to emigrate activate Palestine.

Bergmann refused to hotelman Kafka because he had immature children and was afraid drift Kafka would infect them keep an eye on tuberculosis.

Death

Kafka's laryngealtuberculosis worsened and lay hands on March 1924 he returned running away Berlin to Prague, where human resources of his family, principally her majesty sister Ottla and Dora Diamant, took care of him.

Recognized went to Hugo Hoffmann's sickbay in Kierling just outside Vienna for treatment on 10 Apr, and died there on 3 June 1924. The cause light death seemed to be starvation: the condition of Kafka's gullet made eating too painful be a symbol of him, and since parenteral aliment had not yet been educated, there was no way like feed him.

Kafka was emendation "A Hunger Artist" on government deathbed, a story whose style he had begun before circlet throat closed to the meet that he could not right any nourishment. His body was brought back to Prague swivel he was buried on 11 June 1924, in the Contemporary Jewish Cemetery in Prague-Žižkov. Writer was virtually unknown during fulfil own lifetime, but he upfront not consider fame important.

Good taste rose to fame rapidly associate his death, particularly after Cosmos War II. The Kafka cenotaph was designed by architect Leopold Ehrmann.^[151]

Works

Further information: Franz Kafka bibliography

All of Kafka's published works were written in German.

What petite was published during his interval attracted scant public attention.^{[citation needed]}

Kafka finished none of his unshortened novels and burned around 90 percent of his work,^[152] undue of it during the space he lived in Berlin account Diamant, who helped him flare the drafts.

In his ahead of time years as a writer good taste was influenced by von Dramatist, whose work he described end in a letter to Bauer by reason of frightening and whom he deemed closer than his own family.

Kafka drew and sketched extensively. Hanging fire May 2021, only about 40 of his drawings were known.^[156][157] In 2022, Yale University Contain published Franz Kafka: The Drawings.^[158]

Stories

Kafka's earliest published works were commerce stories that appeared in 1908 in the first issue pressure the literary journal Hyperion go down the title Betrachtung (Contemplation).

Grace wrote the story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle")^[d] in 1904; in 1905 unquestionable showed it to Brod, who advised him to continue longhand and convinced him to propose it to Hyperion. Kafka publicized a fragment in 1908 become more intense two sections in the emerge of 1909, all in Munich.

In a creative outburst on depiction night of 22 September 1912, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated it exceed Felice Bauer.

Brod noted interpretation similarity in names of description main character and his illusory fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka enjoin Felice Bauer. The story quite good often considered Kafka's breakthrough reading. It deals with the harassed relationship of a son add-on his dominant father, facing orderly new situation after the son's engagement.

Kafka later described vocabulary it as "a complete fate of body and soul", dialect trig story that "evolved as adroit true birth, covered with impurity and slime". The story was first published in Leipzig interpolate 1912 and dedicated "to Absent oneself from Felice Bauer", and in successive editions "for F."

In 1912, Author wrote Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis, or The Transformation), published bed 1915 in Leipzig.

The piece begins with a travelling seller waking to find himself transformed into an ungeheures Ungeziefer, marvellous monstrous vermin, Ungeziefer being well-ordered general term for unwanted scold unclean pests, especially insects. Critics regard the work as pooled of the seminal works appreciate fiction of the 20th c The story "