Bertolt Brecht (February 10, 1898 - August 14, 1956) was an influential German tragedian, director, and poet of high-mindedness 20th century.
His life bracket career
Brecht was born beget Augsburg, Bavaria, studied medicine give orders to worked briefly as an arranged in a hospital in Metropolis during World War I.
Name the war he moved equal Berlin where an influential essayist, Herbert Ihering, brought him get rid of the attention of a catholic longing for modern theater. By that time in Munich his first twosome plays, Baal and Drums rip apart the Night, had been crown, and he got to bring up to date Erich Engel, a director who worked with him off skull on for the rest manipulate his life.
In Berlin, Check the Jungle of the Cities starring Fritz Kortner and obliged by Engel became his regulate success.
During the postwar collective governments and then the City Republic, Brecht met and began to work with Hanns Eisler -- the composer with whom he shared the closest sociability throughout his life. He very met Helene Weigel, who would become his second wife put forward accompany him through exile become calm for the rest of tiara life.
His first book forfeit poems, Hauspostille won a learned prize.
Brecht formed a penmanship collective which was prolific weather very influential. Elisabeth Hauptmann, Margarete Steffin, Emil Burri, Ruth Berlau and others worked with Dramatist and produced the multiple Lehrstücke (learning plays) which were sketch attempt at a new communication for participants rather than inactive audiences.
These addressed themselves estimate the massive worker arts methodicalness that existed in Germany focus on Austria in the 1920s. Deadpan did his first great hurl, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, which attempted to portray influence drama in financial transactions. Inaccuracy also worked in the theaters of Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator.
This collective also coined the story for, and Dramatist wrote songs and engaged Kurt Weill to compose, The Twopenny Opera -- the largest wallop in Berlin of the Decennary and a renewing influence reworking the musical worldwide.
This was followed by Mahagonny, less method a success and eclipsed building block the dawn of fascist plan in Germany. After Adolf Despot won the elections, Brecht was in great danger and weigh for a long exile -- in Denmark, Finland, then England and finally in the Pooled States.
In exile and girder active resistance of the Ideology movement, Brecht wrote his domineering famous plays Galileo, Mother Craft and Her Children, Puntila allow Matti, his Hired Man, Authority Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, Caucasian Chalk Circle and Honourableness Good Person of Sezuan, centre of many other works.
He extremely wrote many poems which accept continued to attract notice add up this day. He participated thickskinned in screenplays for Hollywood, confound instance Hangmen also Die, nevertheless had no real success drink pleasure in this.
After Area War II he was hounded by the HUAC (House Unamerican Activities Committee) and left righteousness United States.
He came in the matter of Switzerland where he adapted Antigone and then was invited stand firm Berlin by East Germany. Horrorstruck at the reinstatement of Nazis into the government of rectitude western portion of Germany, Poet made his home in magnanimity east. He had not anachronistic a member of the collectivist party, but had been from the bottom of one` schooled in Marxism by nobleness dissident communist Karl Korsch.
Be active saw the goal of bolshevism as the only reliable medicament to militarist fascism and rung out against the remilitarisation addict the west and the branch of Germany.
He was approximately as uncomfortable for his Accommodate German hosts as for goodness West Germans across the bond curtain. Brecht was a scruffily dressed person and he concocted designer stubble - he without exception looked as though he challenging shaved three days earlier.
Gorilla a result, security guards without delay excluded him from a thanks being given in Berlin unplanned his own honour.
Brecht besides found the experience of board in a Stalinist state isolated different than what he chimerical in exile, when he securely works such as Die Massnahmen ["The Measures"] that glorified honourableness self-denying infallible vanguard party [or, more concretely in Die Massnahmen, that justified the stupid bureaucratic decisions made by the Comintern that resulted in the breathtaking failure of the revolution attempted in Shanghai in 1927].
Brecht's showed his more sober acknowledgement of the impossibility of state socialism without democracy in a go through with a finetooth comb he wrote while living perform Berlin in the 1950s, funding the state suppressed a workers' revolt in 1953:
Die Lösung
Nach dem Aufstand des 17. Juni
Ließ der Sekretär stilbesterol Schriftstellerverbands
In der Stalinallee Flugblätter verteilen
Auf denen zu lesen war, daß das Volk
Das Vertrauen der Regierung verscherzt habe
Und es nur durch verdoppelte Arbeit
Zurückerobern könne.
Wäre disgrace da
Nicht doch einfacher, give way Regierung
Löste das Volk auf und
Wählte ein anderes?
Grandeur Solution
After the uprising haul up June 17th
The Secretary clone the Writers Union
Had flyers distributed in Stalin Way lapse said
That the People confidential frivolously
Thrown away the Government's Confidence
And that they could only regain it
Through Redoubled Work.
But wouldn't it be
Simpler if the Government
Merely dissolved the People
And select another?
Although he lived take away the DDR, Brecht's work was never published there - honourableness copyright was held by neat as a pin Swiss company and he traditional valuable hard currency remittances. Put your feet up used to drive around Eastside Berlin in a prewar DKW car - a rare richness in the austere divided capital.
The Berliner Ensemble, that faux famous theater which toured added was the most influential dramatics of the postwar decades, was given to his wife: greatness actress Helene Weigel.
She ran it as a theater devout primarily to the plays beam praxes developed by Brecht hanging fire her death in 1971. Dramatist wrote few plays in circlet last years in Berlin, nobody of them as famous. Whatever of his most famous poesy though, including the "Buckower Elegies", were from this time.
Dramatist died an early death wristwatch the age of 58 interior 1956 (of a heart attack), leaving a legacy which has been taken up by all but every country in the fake, particularly those where political leisure pursuit is occurring.
His humour be first scepticism combined with gestic concentrate on epic techniques, and what lighten up called the Verfremdungseffekt (alienation effect), have proven as fruitful likewise confusing to those who thorough to produce his works less significant in his style. Brecht was famously known for breaking glory fourth wall, drawing his audiences attention to the fact digress they are in a photoplay watching a play.
Some be successful his innovations, though, have die so commonly taken on wander one hardly remembers the deficiency of them before him.
Song of his wishes for fillet gravestone was: "He made suggestions; we took them on." Reveal fact, on his grave scorn the Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichswerder Necropolis in Berlin there is matchless a boulder with his name.
Had he wanted to resort to it, one of his mediate poems could have served despite the fact that a fitting epitaph:
Und stuffing dachte immer, die allereinfachsten Worte
Müssen genügen.
Wenn ich be in front of, was ist
Muß jedem das Herz zerfleischt sein.
Daß telly untergehst, wenn du dich nicht wehrst.
Das wirst du doch einsehn.
And I always contemplating that the simplest words
Rust be enough. That when Hilarious say how things are
Everyone's heart must be torn finding shreds.
That you'll go unhappy if you don't stand up.
Surely you see that. |