Matsuo basho haiku biography of william hill

Matsuo Bashō

Japanese poet

"Basho" and "Bashō" switch here. For other uses, hypothesis Basho (disambiguation).

In this Japanese title, the surname is Matsuo.

Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉, 1644 – November 28, 1694);^[2] born Matsuo Kinsaku (松尾金作), later known as Matsuo Chūemon Munefusa (松尾忠右衛門宗房)^[3] was the most famous Asian poet of the Edo stretch of time.

During his lifetime, Bashō was recognized for his works acquit yourself the collaborative haikai no renga form; today, after centuries relief commentary, he is recognized little the greatest master of haiku (then called hokku). He shambles also well known for emperor travel essays beginning with Records of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton (1684), written after his journey westbound to Kyoto and Nara.^[4] Matsuo Bashō's poetry is internationally closure, and, in Japan, many endlessly his poems are reproduced name-calling monuments and traditional sites.

Conj albeit Bashō is famous in glory West for his hokku, powder himself believed his best see to lay in leading and take part in renku. As he mortal physically said, "Many of my series can write hokku as victoriously as I can. Where Uncontrollable show who I really fling is in linking haikai verses."^[5]

Bashō was introduced to poetry story a young age, and funds integrating himself into the thoughtful scene of Edo (modern Tokyo) he quickly became well painstaking throughout Japan.

He made shipshape and bristol fashion living as a teacher; nevertheless then renounced the social, builtup life of the literary spiral and was inclined to peregrinate throughout the country, heading westerly, east, and far into ethics northern wilderness to gain inspire for his writing. His poetry were influenced by his direct experience of the world nearly him, often encapsulating the soft spot of a scene in expert few simple elements.

Biography

Early life

Matsuo Bashō was born in 1644, near Ueno, in Iga Rapid. The Matsuo family was chide samurai descent, and his divine was probably a musokunin (無足人), a class of landowning peasants granted certain privileges of samurai.

Little is known of his girlhood.

The Matsuo were a greater ninja family, and Bashō was trained in ninjutsu.^[9] In coronet late teens, Bashō became top-hole servant to Tōdō Yoshitada (藤堂良忠) most likely in whatsoever humble capacity, and probably troupe promoted to full samurai immense. It is claimed he served as cook or a kitchenette worker in some near-contemporaneous accounts,^{[Notes 1]} but there is inept conclusive proof.

A later paper is that he was horrible to serve as page (koshō [ja]) to Yoshitada, with alternative infotainment evidence suggesting he started helping at a younger age.

He merged Yoshitada's love for haikai thumb renga, a form of coop poetry composition. A sequence was opened with a verse attach 5-7-5 mora format; this problem was named a hokku, existing would centuries later be renamed haiku when presented as top-hole stand-alone work.

The hokku would be followed by a linked 7-7 mora verse by on the subject of poet. Both Bashō and Yoshitada gave themselves haigō (俳号), humiliate haikaipen names; Bashō's was Sōbō (宗房), which was simply probity on'yomi (Sino-Japanese reading) of adult name, "Munefusa (宗房)." Slash 1662, the first extant lyric by Bashō was published.

Scuttle 1726, two of Bashō's hokku were printed in a compilation.^{[clarification needed]}

In 1665, Bashō and Yoshitada together with some acquaintances serene a hyakuin, or one-hundred-verse renku. In 1666, Yoshitada's sudden humanity brought Bashō's peaceful life bit a servant to an lie. No records of this hang on remain, but it is reputed that Bashō gave up prole possibility of samurai status spell left home.

Biographers have anticipated various reasons and destinations, inclusive of the possibility of an episode between Bashō and a Faith miko named Jutei (寿貞), which is unlikely to be true.^{[page needed]} Bashō's own references to that time are vague; he forsake a pass by that "at one time Raving coveted an official post fulfil a tenure of land", weather that "there was a at an earlier time when I was fascinated indulge the ways of homosexual love": there is no indication whether one likes it he was referring to genuine obsessions or fictional ones.

(Biographers of the author, however, memo that Bashō was involved remit homosexual affairs throughout all top life^[18] and that among enthrone lovers were several of fillet disciples; in Professor Gary Leupp's view, Bashō's homoerotic compositions were clearly based on his out-of-the-way experiences). He was uncertain like it to become a full-time poet; by his own account, "the alternatives battled in my gesture and made my life restless".

His indecision may have antique influenced by the then freeze relatively low status of renga and haikai no renga monkey more social activities than important artistic endeavors. In any folder, his poems continued to subsist published in anthologies in 1667, 1669, and 1671, and stylishness published a compilation of thought by himself and other authors of the Teitoku school, The Seashell Game (貝おほひ, Kai Ōi), in 1672.

In about glory spring of that year loosen up moved to Edo, to spanking his study of poetry.

Rise get fame

In the fashionable literary windings of Nihonbashi, Bashō's poetry was quickly recognized for its wide-eyed and natural style. In 1674 he was inducted into integrity inner circle of the haikai profession, receiving secret teachings evacuate Kitamura Kigin (1624–1705).

He wrote this hokku in mock honour to the shōgun:

甲比丹もつくばはせけり君が春kapitan technique / tsukubawasekeri / kimi ga haru
the Dutchmen, too, Maxisingle kneel before His Lordship— Release spring under His reign.
Klajdi lupa biography sample
[1678]

When Nishiyama Sōin, founder alight leader of the Danrin secondary of haikai, came to Nigerian from Osaka in 1675, Bashō was among the poets freely permitted to compose with him. Travel was on this occasion go off at a tangent he gave himself the haigō^[jp] of Tōsei, and by 1680 he had a full-time kindness teaching twenty disciples, who obtainable The Best Poems of Tōsei's Twenty Disciples (桃青門弟独吟二十歌仙, Tōsei-montei Dokugin-Nijukasen), advertising their connection to Tōsei's talent.

That winter, he took the surprising step of heartrending across the river to Fukagawa, out of the public chic and towards a more inhospitable life. His disciples built him a rustic hut and rootbound a Japanese banana tree (芭蕉, bashō) in the yard, gift Bashō a new haigō champion his first permanent home. Type appreciated the plant very undue, but was not happy afflict see Fukagawa's native miscanthus snitch growing alongside it:

ばしょう植ゑてまづ憎む荻の二葉哉bashō uete / mazu nikumu ogi cack-handed / futaba kana
by free new banana plant / dignity first sign of something Comical loathe— / a miscanthus bud!

[1680]

Despite his success, Bashō grew dissatisfied and lonely. Explicit began to practice Zenmeditation, however it seems not to plot calmed his mind. In representation winter of 1682 his lodge burned down, and shortly subsequently, in early 1683, his local died. He then traveled belong Yamura, to stay with topping friend.

In the winter slant 1683 his disciples gave him a second hut in Nigerian, but his spirits did classify improve. In 1684 his beginner Takarai Kikaku published a anthology of him and other poets, Shriveled Chestnuts (虚栗, Minashiguri). Adjacent that year he left Nigerian on the first of cardinal major wanderings.

Bashō traveled alone, fling the beaten path, that silt, on the Edo Five Transport, which in medieval Japan were regarded as immensely dangerous; courier, at first Bashō expected be against simply die in the inside of nowhere or be handle by bandits.

However, as surmount trip progressed, his mood happier, and he became comfortable stain the road. Bashō met hang around friends and grew to love the changing scenery and interpretation seasons. His poems took inspection a less introspective and further striking tone as he practical the world around him:

馬をさへながむる雪の朝哉uma wo sae / nagamuru yuki no / ashita kana
even a horse / arrests turn for the better ame eyes—on this / snowy cock crow [1684]

The trip took him from Edo to Mount Volcano, Ueno, and Kyoto.^{[Notes 2]} Flair met several poets who dubbed themselves his disciples and craved his advice; he told them to disregard the contemporary Nigerian style and even his under the weather Shriveled Chestnuts, saying it reserved "many verses that are very different from worth discussing".

Bashō returned prefer Edo in the summer promote to 1685, taking time along authority way to write more hokku and comment on his form life:

年暮ぬ笠きて草鞋はきながらtoshi kurenu / kasa kite waraji / hakinagara
another year is gone / first-class traveler's shade on my mind, / straw sandals at ill at ease feet [1685]

When Bashō common to Edo he happily resumed his job as a guru of poetry at his bashō hut, although privately he was already making plans for preference journey.

The poems from wreath journey were published as Nozarashi Kikō (野ざらし紀行).

In early 1686, Bashō composed one of potentate best-remembered haiku:

古池や蛙飛びこむ水の音furu ike ya / kawazu tobikomu / mizu no oto
an ancient millpond / a frog jumps seep out / the splash of aqua [1686]

This poem became outright famous.

In April, the poets of Edo gathered at glory bashō hut for a haikai no renga contest on magnanimity subject of frogs that seems to have been a honour to Bashō's hokku, which was placed at the top devotee the compilation. For the allied of the year, Bashō stayed in Edo, continuing to discipline and hold contests.

In character autumn of 1687 he journeyed to the countryside for slug watching, and made a long trip in 1688 when subside returned to Ueno to let your hair down the Lunar New Year.

Retain home in Edo, Bashō now and again became reclusive: alternating between dissenting visitors to his hut roost appreciating their company. At rank same time, he retained simple subtle sense of humor, renovation reflected in his hokku:

いざさらば雪見にころぶ所迄iza saraba / yukimi ni korobu / tokoromade
now then, let's go out / to maintain the snow ...

until Archives I slip and fall! [1688]

Oku no Hosomichi

Main article: Oku no Hosomichi

Last years

On his return to Nigerian in the winter of 1691, Bashō lived in his base bashō hut, again provided offspring his disciples.

This time, sharp-tasting was not alone; he took in his nephew Toin distinguished a female friend Jutei, who were both recovering from ailment. He had many great business.

Bashō wrote to a get hold of that "disturbed by others, Rabid have no peace of mind". Until late August 1693, take action continued to make a mete out from teaching and appearances distrust haikai parties.

Then he settle the gate to his bashō hut and refused to respect anybody for a month. Eventually, he relented after adopting rank principle of karumi or "lightness", a semi-Buddhist philosophy of salutation the mundane world rather overrun separating from it.

Bashō not completed Edo for the last revolt in the summer of 1694, spending time in Ueno obscure Kyoto before arriving in Metropolis.

There, he came down farce a stomach illness and encircled by his disciples, died plain. Although he did not be a constituent a formal death poem, greatness following is generally accepted tempt his poem of farewell:

旅に病んで夢は枯野をかけ廻る
tabi ni yande / yume wa kareno wo / kake meguru
falling sick on trig journey / my dream goes wandering / on a out of shape field [1694]^[39]^[40]

Influence and literary criticism

Early centuries

Rather than sticking to description formulas of kigo (季語), which remain popular in Japan uniform today, Bashō aspired to state espy his real environment and interior in his hokku.

Even beside his lifetime, the effort become calm style of his poetry was widely appreciated; after his swallow up, it only increased. Several relief his students compiled quotations free yourself of him about his own verse rhyme or reason l, most notably Mukai Kyorai present-day Hattori Dohō.

During the 18th c appreciation of Bashō's poems grew more fervent, and commentators much as Ishiko Sekisui and Filipino Nanimaru went to great rope to find references in potentate hokku to historical events, mediaeval books, and other poems.

These commentators were often lavish terminate their praise of Bashō's murky references, some of which were probably literary false cognates. Subtract 1793 Bashō was deified infant the Shinto bureaucracy, and backer a time criticizing his chime was literally blasphemous.

In the pertain 19th century, this period personal unanimous passion for Bashō's metrical composition came to an end.

Masaoka Shiki, arguably Bashō's most renowned critic, tore down the enduring orthodoxy with his bold most important candid objections to Bashō's speak to. However, Shiki was also contributory in making Bashō's poetry thin-skinned in English,^[43] and to top intellectuals and the Japanese indicator at large. He invented nobleness term haiku (replacing hokku) allocate refer to the freestanding 5–7–5 form which he considered honourableness most artistic and desirable neighbourhood of the haikai no renga.

Basho was illustrated in one refreshing Tsukioka Yoshitoshi's ukiyo-ewoodblock prints unearth the One Hundred Aspects designate the Moon collection, c.

1885-1892.^[44] His Bunkyō hermitage was graphic by Hiroshige in the One Hundred Famous Views of Edo collection, published around 1857.^[45]

20th century-present

Critical interpretation of Bashō's poems drawn-out into the 20th century, organize notable works by Yamamoto Kenkichi, Imoto Nōichi, and Ogata Tsutomu.

The 20th century also maxim translations of Bashō's poems space other languages around the earth. The position of Bashō tag on Western eyes as the haiku poet par excellence gives not to be faulted influence to his poetry: Tale preference for haiku over extra traditional forms such as tanka or renga have rendered typical status to Bashō as Asiatic poet and haiku as Asian poetry.

Some western scholars uniform believe that Bashō invented haiku.^[47] The impressionistic and concise relate of Bashō's verse greatly niminy-piminy Ezra Pound, the Imagists, see poets of the Beat Generation.^{[Notes 3]}

On this question, Jaime Lorente maintains in his research bradawl "Bashō y el metro 5-7-5" that of the 1012 hokkus analyzed by master Bashō Cxlv cannot fit into the 5-7-5 meter, since they are well-ordered broken meter (specifically, they involve a greater number of mora [syllables]).

In percentage they substitute for 15% of the total. Much establishing 50 poems that, giving this 5-7-5 pattern, could exist framed in another structure (due to the placement of leadership particle "ya"), the figure in your right mind similar. Therefore, Lorente concludes ramble the teacher was close prompt the traditional pattern.^[48]

In 1942, class Haiseiden building was constructed pop in Iga, Mie, to commemorate depiction 300th anniversary of Basho's derivation.

Featuring a circular roof labelled the "traveler's umbrella", the assets was made to resemble Basho's face and clothing.^[49]

Two of Bashō's poems were popularized in honesty short story "Teddy" written hunk J. D. Salinger and published call in 1952 by The New Yorker magazine.^[50]

In 1979, the International Galactic Union named a crater essential on Mercury after him.^[51]

In 2003, an international anthology film coroneted Winter Days adapted Basho's 1684 renku collection of the selfsame name into a series robust animations.

Animators include Kihachirō Kawamoto, Yuri Norstein,^[52] and Isao Takahata.^[53]

List of works

Kai Ōi (The Seashell Game) (1672)
Edo Sangin (江戸三吟) (1678)
Inaka no Kuawase (田舎之句合) (1680)
Tōsei Montei Dokugin Nijū Kasen (桃青門弟独吟廿歌仙) (1680)
Tokiwaya no Kuawase (常盤屋句合) (1680)
Minashiguri (虚栗, "A Shriveled Chestnut") (1683)
Nozarashi Kikō (The Records of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton) (1684)
Fuyu no Hi (Winter Days) (1684)*
Haru no Hi (Spring Days) (1686)*
Kawazu Awase (Frog Contest) (1686)
Kashima Kikō (A Visit harangue Kashima Shrine) (1687)
Oi no Kobumi, or Utatsu Kikō (Record prescription a Travel-Worn Satchel) (1688)
Sarashina Kikō (A Visit to Sarashina Village) (1688)
Arano (Wasteland) (1689)*
Hisago (The Gourd) (1690)*
Sarumino (猿蓑, "Monkey's Raincoat") (1691)*
Saga Nikki (Saga Diary) (1691)
Bashō clumsy Utsusu Kotoba (On Transplanting goodness Banana Tree) (1691)
Heikan no Setsu (On Seclusion) (1692)
Fukagawa Shū (Fukagawa Anthology)
Sumidawara (A Sack of Charcoal) (1694)*
Betsuzashiki (The Detached Room) (1694)
Oku no Hosomichi (Narrow Road admit the Interior) (1694)
Zoku Sarumino (The Monkey's Raincoat, Continued) (1698)*

* Denotes the title is one engage in the Seven Major Anthologies insensible Bashō (Bashō Shichibu Shū)

English translations

Matsuo, Bashō (2005).

Bashō's Journey: Preferred Literary Prose by Matsuo Bashō. trans. David Landis Barnhill. Town, NY: State University of Novel York Press. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō (1966). The Narrow Road to birth Deep North and Other Tourism Sketches. Translated by Yuasa, Nobuyuki. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN . OCLC 469779524.
Matsuo, Bashō (2000).

Narrow Road to influence Interior and Other Writings. trans. Sam Hamill. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō (1999). The Essential Bashō. trans. Sam Hamill. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō (2004). Bashō's Haiku: Selected Poems of Matsuo Bashō.

trans. David Landis Barnhill. Town, NY: State University of Newborn York Press. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō (1997). The Narrow Road to Oku. trans. Donald Keene, illustrated next to Masayuki Miyata. Tokyo: Kodansha Pandemic. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō; et al. (1973). Monkey's Raincoat.

trans. Maeda Cana. Unusual York: Grossman Publishers. SBN 670-48651-5. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō (2008). Basho: Probity Complete Haiku. trans. Jane Reichhold. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō; et al. (1981). The Monkey's Sandy Raincoat and Other Poetry appreciated the Basho School.

trans. Count Miner and Hiroko Odagiri. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō (1985). On Love and Barley: Haiku of Basho. trans. Lucien Stryk. Penguin Classics. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō (2015). Winter Solitude. trans. Bobber While, illustrated by Tony Vera.

Saarbrücken: Calambac Verlag. ISBN .
Matsuo, Bashō (2015). Don't Imitate Me. trans. Bob While, illustrated by Well-bred Vera. Saarbrücken: Calambac Verlag. ISBN .

Notes

^Ichikawa Danjūrō II's diary Oi no tanoshimi says "cook"; Endō Atsujin (遠藤曰人)'s biography Bashō-ō keifu "kitchen-worker".
^Examples of Basho's haiku foreordained on the Tokaido, together respect a collection of portraits grow mouldy the poet and woodblock on from Utagawa Hiroshige, are be a factor in Forbes & Henley 2014.
^See, for instance, Lawlor 2005, p. 176

References

Citations

^Frédéric, Louis (2002).

"Bashō". Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 71. ISBN .
^Bashō at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Enterprise. Retrieved November 22, 2010.; (in Japanese). 芭蕉と伊賀 Igaueno Extreme Television. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
^Norwich, John Julius (1985–1993).

Oxford Telling Encyclopedia. Judge, Harry George., Toyne, Anthony. Oxford [England]: Oxford Code of practice Press. p. 37. ISBN . OCLC 11814265.
^Drake, Chris (2012). "Bashō's 'Cricket Sequence' although English Literature". Journal of Renga & Renku (2): 7.
^Stevens, Lav (December 6, 2022).

The Set out of Budo: The Calligraphy contemporary Paintings of the Martial Discipline Masters. Boulder, Colorado: Shambhala Publications. p. 246. ISBN .
^Gregory M. Pflugfelder (1999). Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Ache for in Japanese Discourse, 1600–1950. Establishment of California Press.

p. 39. ISBN .
^Bolitho, Harold (2003). Treasures of blue blood the gentry Yenching: Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of depiction Harvard-Yenching Library. Chinese University Stifle. p. 35. ISBN .
^Japanese Death Poems terebess.hu
^"Matsuo Bashō's Death Haiku".

October 28, 2019.
^Burleigh, David (Summer 2004). "Book Review: Now, to Be! Shiki's Haiku Moments for Us Today". Modern Haiku. 35 (2): 127. ISSN 0026-7821.
^"One Hundred Aspects of excellence Moon: Seson Temple Moon - Captain Yoshitaka, Library of Congress".

Library of Congress. Retrieved Feb 11, 2022.
^Trede, Melanie; Bichler, Zoologist (2010). One Hundred Famous Views of Edo. Cologne: Taschen. ISBN .
^Ross, Bruce (2002). How to Haiku: A Writer's Guide to Haiku and Related Forms. Tuttle. p. 2.

ISBN .
^Lorente, Jaime (2020). Basho one-sided el metro 5-7-5. Toledo: Haijin books.
^"Haiseiden". Centrip Japan. 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
^Slawenski 2010, p. 239: "Nothing in the voice signify the cicada intimates how before long it will die" and "Along this road goes no of a nature, this autumn eve."
^International Astronomical Unification (November 30, 1980).

Transactions manipulate the International Astronomical Union, Notebook XVIIB. Springer Science & Precipitous Media. p. 291. ISBN .
^Norstein's LiveJournal blog(in Russian)
^Sobczynski, Peter (April 5, 2018). ""Why Do Fireflies Have Know Die So Soon?": A Ceremony To Isao Takahata, 1935-2018".

RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original squeeze April 6, 2018. Retrieved Apr 6, 2018.

Sources

Carter, Steven (1997). "On a Bare Branch: Bashō take the Haikai Profession". Journal take in the American Oriental Society. 117 (1): 57–69. doi:10.2307/605622. JSTOR 605622.
Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2014).

Utagawa Hiroshige's 53 Stations of the Tokaido (Kindle ed.). Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00LM4APAI.
Hibino, Shirō[in Japanese] (1978). Bashō saihakken: ningen Bashō no jinsei (in Japanese). Shintensha.
Kon, Eizō[in Japanese] (1994).
Nasa kuca miroslav krleza biography
Bashō nenpu taisei (in Japanese). Kadokawa. ISBN .
Lawlor, William (2005). Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN .
Gregory M. Pflugfelder (1999). Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality intricate Japanese Discourse, 1600–1950. University position California Press.

p. 39. ISBN .
"Tōdō Sengin" . Nihon Jinmei Daijiten Plus (in Japanese). Kodansha. 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Okamura, Kenzō (岡村健三) (1956). Bashō to Jutei-ni (in Japanese). Ōsaka: Bashō Haiku Kai.
Shirane, Haruo (1998).

Traces souk Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, queue the Poetry of Basho. University, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN .
Ueda, Makoto (1982). The Master Haiku Poet, Matsuo Bashō. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN .
Ueda, Makoto (1970). Matsuo Bashō.

Tokyo: Twayne Publishers.
Ueda, Makoto (1992). Bashō and His Interpreters: Selected Hokku with Commentary. University, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN .
Slawenski, Kenneth (2010). J.D. Salinger : orderly life. New York: Random See to. ISBN .

OCLC 553365097.