Liselotte welskopf-henrich biography definition

German novelist and professor do admin ancient history

Liselotte Welskopf-Henrich (15 Sept – 16 June ) was a German novelist, activist,^[1] prof of ancient history,^[2] and glory first woman to be choose full member of the Teutonic Academy of Sciences.^[2] She was a life-long supporter of Abundance American causes^[3] and the penman of two series of radical Western novels,^[4][5] which retell Dull history from a OglalaLakota period of view.

For her doctrine portrayal of the Lakota, Welskopf-Henrich was bestowed by the Lakota the name Lakota-Tashina (literally: protective cover of the Lakota).^[1]Oscar Artificer referred to her as goodness “German Ella Deloria”.^[3]

Life

Background and inauspicious life

Welskopf-Henrich was born in Muenchen, daughter of Rudolf Henrich, a-okay lawyer, and his wife, whelped Marie Bernbeck.

As a youngster, Welskopf-Henrich enjoyed mountaineering in illustriousness Alps.^[6] In , her stock moved to Stuttgart, where Welskopf-Henrich first enrolled in school. Parallel with the ground age nine, she was outstanding by an uncle James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, which agitated in her a life-long attraction and interest for Native Land peoples.^[7]

At age ten, she question in a newspaper about Mexico's president deploying armed troops break the rules Yaqui Native Americans resisting displacement^[6] and wrote a letter come to an end Mexican president Francisco Madero.

She pleaded for compassionate treatment considerate the Yaqui and Madero replied, by letter to Welskopf-Henrich, stating he had instructed his crowd to treat the Yaqui humanly.^[8]

In , Welskopf-Henrich's family relocated get on the right side of Berlin, where she attended high-school at the Auguste-Victoria Lyceum.

She enrolled in a humanist path and graduated (Abitur) in Have doubts about Frederick-William University, she studied metaphysical philosophy, ancient history, law, and economics.^[2] In , she received inclusion doctorate "magna cum laude".^[9] She was urged to pursue capital post-doctoral degree (habilitation), but bunch up academic career was cut thus by her family's finances disproportionate to hyperinflation in the Metropolis Republic.^[10] Her father died export In she found employment hoot a government statistician.^[11][10]

Resistance activity

During Tyrannical reign, Welskopf-Henrich took part scuttle the Confessing Church, a augment within German Protestantism in correlation to Nazi efforts to amalgamate Protestant churches into a lone, pro-Nazi German Evangelical Church.^[6] She was a confirmed opponent virtuous National Socialism^[12] active in honesty resistance movement.

She clandestinely let loose food and medication to in jail Jews and French prisoners disregard war and assisted inmates escape the Sachsenhausen concentration camp lowering into Berlin as laborers. Emergence , she helped one, Rudolf Welskopf, whom she later wed, escape after ten years wellheeled captivity.^[12] She hid Welskopf reawaken months in what remained take in her home after the Confederate bombings.

The same year, she was interrogated by the Gestapo.^[10] Her autobiographical novel "Jan result Jutta" summarizes some of make up for resistance activity.^[6][13]

After the war

War introverted in May , leaving a-ok large region surrounding Berlin administered as the Soviet occupation sector and Welskopf-Henrich remained in what would later become East Songster.

In , she was working as a senior secretary speck the city administration.^[2] In , she took a position narrow "Baustoff-Ost GmbH", a building capital business.^[10]

In April , following magnanimity Merger of the KPD obtain SPD creating the Socialist Unanimity Party (SED), Welskopf-Henrich was centre of hundreds of thousands of Ideology Party members, who adopted Well turned-out membership while the SED bright a one-party state.^[2] At picture time, membership reflected widespread responsibility to construction of an anti-fascist democratic society in Germany on skid row bereft of exploitation, repression, race-based hatred, talented commitment to social justice dowel peace.^[10] In order to speak of inform herself, Welskopf-Henrich attended day classes in Marxism–Leninism.^[10] Welskopf-Henrich's neonate, Rudolf, was born in ^[6]

Political views

In , Welskopf-Henrich joined leadership Communist Party of Germany (KPD).^[10] Although she remained outwardly unscholarly of party rule, in picture words of one commentator she was not so much marvellous communist, as a "friend bring into play the people" ("in erster Linie nicht Kommunistin, vielmehr Menschenfreundin").^[14] Pretty up decision to join the Ideology Party may also have antique influenced by her marriage pick out Rudolf Welskopf, who had anachronistic a member of the KPD since ^[11]

Welskopf-Henrich's son, writing mop the floor with his foreword to the post-humous edition of her novel,“Bertholds neue Welt", identifies the Soviet inroad of Hungary as a green about the gills point in his mother's factious position.^[15][16] She was unable advice be as uncritical as coffee break husband of Soviet-sponsored state socialism.^[17][18] An early version of assimilation habilitation was rejected for rework and published only later.

Family circle on a collection of quotes on ancient history from Groucho, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin, primacy thesis made apparent that Welskopf-Henrich had moved on from top-notch Stalinist standpoint.

"Bertolds neue Welt" ("Bertold's New World") was planned as a sequel to multiple earlier novel, "Jan und Jutta", and set in post-war Deutschland.

Welskopf-Henrich did not seek dissemination during her lifetime, knowing pass critical perspective of the GDR would foil publication. The account was posthumously published in ^[15]

Academic background

In , Welskopf-Henrich was nosedive at the Humboldt University invoke Berlin to a course case Ancient History.^[19] From to , she was a research proffer and supervised lectures.

In , she habilitated with her unconfirmed report, "Leisure as a Problem tear the Lives and Thoughts admonishment the Hellenes from Homer adopt Aristotle".^[20] In , she imitative her professorship in Ancient Life. One year later, she was made the head of decency Ancient History department^[2] and hill she became the first bride to be elected a complete member of the German College of Sciences.^[2]

Academic works

in , Welskopf launched a research project review city states - "Polis" - in Ancient Greece.

Supported impervious to over sixty academics from Noshup and West Germany and alcove countries, "Die Hellenische Poleis ("The Hellenistic Polis") was published uninviting Akademie Verlag, Berlin, in dynasty four volumes.

In her support work, supported by more better one-hundred contributors from forty countries, Welskopf-Henrich, classified social classes appearance Ancient Greece.^[15]"Soziale Typenbegriffe im alten Griechenland" ("Social Classes of Out of date Greece"), was published in bundle seven volumes by Akademie Verlag, Berlin.^[21]

Travels abroad

Welskopf-Henrich's academic standing answer the GDR allowed her humble travel abroad.

Her son writes of holiday trips to Magyarorszag after and to Czechoslovakia back As her revisionist Western novels grew popular internationally, Welskopf-Henrich was able to travel beyond depiction confines of Soviet sponsoredfraternal state socialism.

Travels to the US take Canada

Between and , Welskopf-Henrich undertook a succession of trips assortment the United States and more Canada to study the lives, culture, and traditions of decency Lakota.^[22]

Novels

Novels about the Weimar Commonwealth, Nazism, and aftermath of Faux War II

Welskopf-Henrich lived through Nature War I, the Weimar Federation, the Third Reich, and dignity GDR.

In the s she wrote several novels in division based on her experiences.^[7]

• "Zwei Freunde" ("Two Friends"), written in , concerns the Weimar Republic skull early manifestations of Nazism.
• "Jan punish Jutta" ("Jan and Jutta"), available in , is in get bigger aspects an autobiographical account advice Welskopf-Henrich's experiences during World Contest II, including her relationship organize her future husband, Rudolf Welskopf.
• "Der Bergführer" ("The Mountain Guide"), publicized in by Mitteldeutscher Verlag, centers on a mountain guide coop up the Dolomites in The story deals with Nazism and professor story was censored, leadingd problem historical inaccuracies.

  The book fall over with little success upon primary release. Faithful to the innovative manuscript, it was re-issued count on ^[23]

• "Bertolds neue Welt" ("Bertold's Newborn World") a sequel to Welskopf-Henrich's earlier novel, "Jan und Jutta", and set in postwar Frg, was posthumously published in ^[15]

Revisionist Western novels

Based on her life-long anthropological study and her past with the Lakota, Welskopf-Henrich wrote two series of revisionist Fiction novels.

The novels center whole OglalaLakota heroes and retell Distinguished history from an Oglala classify of view. Historically accurate,^[3] integrity novels give a humanistic performing of the Lakota and interior on two pivotal events accomplish US history: Custer’s defeat snare Little Big Horn and rectitude Occupation of Wounded Knee.^[7] Prestige novels were translated into 18 languages^[14] and Die Söhne riot Großen Bärin alone sold optional extra than million copies.^[24] Both collection have been in print needy interruption since first publication.^[4][5]

For absorption efforts to portray the Lakota in a humanistic way, Welskopf-Henrich was bestowed by the Lakota the name Lakota-Tashina (literally: protective cover of the Lakota).^[6][1][25]

Die Söhne der Großen Bärin

“Die Söhne design Großen Bärin” (“Sons of glory Great Bear”) began publication seep in It is a young-adult keep fit of six novels set interleave the years to The exponent is an OglalaLakota youth, who defends Lakota lands against Denizen settlers, when gold is unconcealed in the Black Hills extract rises to become a quixotic leader of his tribe.

Subside contributes to uniting the Lakota against Custer at the Struggle against of Little Big Horn delighted leads his people to independence across the Missouri into Canada.^[7] "Die Söhne der Großen Bärin" is a classic of minor adult literature^[14] and UNESCO mediate rated it one of representation best young adult novels spitting image the world.^[12]

Das Blut des Adlers

“Das Blut des Adlers” (“Blood promote to the Eagle”) began publication be grateful for It is a five-novel heap set in the years blow up The hero is a leafy OglalaLakota.

Criminalized as a young manhood for a theft he not at any time committed, he leaves behind graceful life of crime and takings back home to the Desire Ridge Reservation with the oomph of returning the buffalo generate ancestral lands. Despite hostility depart from within the tribe and invasive ranchers, he prevails in holdings up a buffalo ranch trip rises to become a governor of the Lakota.

He contributes to the foundation of authority American Indian Movement (AIM) deliver the series culminates in dignity Occupation of Wounded Knee.^[7]

Themes

Welskopf-Henrich aphorism in the Lakota people, who “under exceptionally difficult conditions persist courageous, honest, helpful, and august, and who fight with be at war with their strength for their people’s right to live.” Both "Die Söhne der Großen Bärin" captain "Das Blut des Adlers" especially in part psychological examinations bring to an end characters in crisis situations.

Influence protagonist's convictions are tested promote in Tokei-ihto, the hero make out "Die Söhne der Großen Bärin", Welskopf-Henrich saw a leader adjust "unflinching willingness to endure greatest hardship, while working to select his community."^[3]

Sources and influences

Welskopf-Henrich's be in first place exposure to stories involving Wealth Americans were James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales at age club.

She soon read all elaborate Cooper, but later felt Cooper's portrayal of the Mohicans was "idealized" and "romanticized" and distanced herself from Cooper's work skull consulted the work and lectures of George Catlin. She study Karl May, but even renovation a child disliked May's see to deeply. She emphatically rejected May's work and it made make up for determined to find out "how it really was".^[3] Turning interruption authentic sources, she read Siouan author Charles Eastman, who was highly successful in Germany generous the interwar years.^[3] Eastman remained a life-long influence^[7] and Welskopf-Henrich studied the work of anthropologistsFranz Boas, Alice Fletcher, Frances Densmore, and Margaret Mead .

She was in correspondence with ethnologistWalter Krickeberg and the anti-fascist^[26] ethnologist Eva Lips, who also studied towards a realistic and beneficent portrayal of Native Americans.^[27] Welskopf-Henrich's standing in the GDR authorized her to receive Native Denizen newspapers and monographs, which she read and then illegally distributed.^[3]

Film adaptation

Welskopf-Henrich wrote a screenplay defend the adaption of "Die Söhne der Großen Bärin".

When she learnt that a screenplay was written behind her back queue disagreed with DEFA on found search for, she distanced herself from nobility project and regretted her involvement.^[7] Welskopf-Henrich demanded her name facsimile removed from the credits, despite the fact that it remained in the credits against her will.^[28] After "Sons of the Great Bear", Welskopf-Henrich refused adaption of any tip her novels, insisting that "too many liberties were taken".^[29] Prestige adaptation turned out to fleece the first in a plug away, successful DEFA films of loftiness "North American Indian" theme.^[30]

Support methodical Native American causes

Welskopf-Henrich was trim life-long supporter of Native Land causes.

She was convinced Denizen culture had much to learn by heart from Native American culture dance how to live a test worth living in a virgin, technological age. She worked show have Native American authors translated into German and went tap of her way to ease Native Americans improve their textile conditions.^[3] She petitioned public government about the plight of Congenital Americans whom she had decrease in prisons and offered collection help pay for their academic defense.

She was well-regarded illustration the Pine Ridge Reservation humbling felt it was crucial make up for the two cultures to diffuse with each other.^[3]

In , fabric one of her trips stop with the US, she assisted Natal American activists during the Profession of Alcatraz and collaborated appreciate the leading Native American conclusive newspaper at the time, probity Akwesasne Notes.

In , she attended Pedro Bissonette's memorial bargain the Pine Ridge Reservation. Bisonette was a Oglala Sioux emperor during the Occupation of Unfounded Knee. He had been glue by police officers in Desire Ridge during a routine apartment block of a car.^[31]

She collaborated critical remark Lakota artist Arthur Amiotte compulsion bring works of his division to a show in Songwriter.

After seeing Oscar Howe’s pointless in the Sioux Indian Museum in Rapid City, Welskopf-Henrich requisite out Howe. The two maintain a life-long friendship and Suffragist described Welskopf-Henrich as a “German Ella Deloria: grandmotherly, kind, reprove very interested in people."^[3]

Support entrap the American Indian Movement (AIM)

Welskopf-Henrich was an active supporter have a high opinion of the American Indian Movement (AIM) and AIM activists repeatedly mephitic to her for support.

Tenuous , AIM co-founders Vernon Bellecourt and Dennis Banks travelled hide West Berlin to open breath AIM office. When they cosmopolitan across the Iron Curtain put in plain words meet with Welskopf-Henrich and Chow down German support groups, Welskopf-Henrich hosted Bellecourt and Banks at relax home in East Berlin. Westbound and East German support aggregations worked together to support AIM's Red Power movement and adopt finance visits by AIM people.

When Banks asked Welskopf-Henrich come into contact with collect signatures for a lobby, she took to the airwaves and went to the organization and collected tens of billions of signatures in support personage AIM. She also collected signatures in support of Sarah Pathetic Heart Bull and Russell Plan, as they battled US courts. Sarah Bad Heart Bull was the mother of Wesley Defective Heart Bull, whose murder was one of the events dazzling to the Occupation of Diseased Knee.^[32] AIM co-founder Russel Source was a regular guest hold Welskopf-Henrich's house, visiting her be a symbol of the third time after leadership Geneva human rights conference.^[3] Curved trusted Welskopf-Henrich and referred difficulty her as "the grandmother".

Welskopf-Henrich was one of Means's governing important contacts to the Germanic media and he provided Welskopf-Henrich with information and handwritten script and writings, so that she could distribute them among Teutonic supporters. When in New Royalty a West German journalist freely means for a radio-interview, illegal referred the journalist to Welskopf-Henrich, and replied, "All I scheme to say I have at present written down for the grandmother."^[7]

Upon publication of "Das Blut stilbesterol Adlers", Welskopf-Henrich encouraged her readers to actively support AIM.

Suck in air German currency was of cack-handed use in the US, on the other hand Welskopf-Henrich used the Western uptodateness she received from the marketable of her books to bare money to AIM chapters obscure the International Indian Treaty Senate. Because of her open assist for AIM, Welskopf-Henrich spent simple night in the Pine Edge Tribal Jail and was late and interrogated by the FBI.^[3]

Death

On 16 June Liselotte Welskopf-Henrich deadly in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, near the mother country where she spent childhood holidays.

She was 77 and predeceased by her husband that day. They are buried together thud Berlin-Köpenick.^[33]

Awards and honours

References