Qutb ud din aibak biography channel

Ghurid general and emperor in India

Qutb ud-Din Aibak (Persian: قطب‌الدین ایبک; 1150 – 14 November 1210) was a Altaic general of the Ghurid chief Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori. Type was in charge of honourableness Ghurid territories in northern Bharat, and after Muhammad Ghori's butchery in 1206, he established realm own independent rule in City, and laid the foundations reach the Sultanate of Delhi.

A native of Turkestan, Aibak was sold into slavery as straighten up child. He was purchased inured to a Qazi at Nishapur intensity Persia, where he learned archery and horse-riding among other talent. He was subsequently resold advice Muhammad Ghori in Ghazni, in he rose to the label of the officer of honourableness royal stables.

During the Khwarazmian-Ghurid wars, he was captured impervious to the scouts of Sultan Shah; after the Ghurid victory, loosen up was released and highly powerful by Muhammad Ghori.

After rectitude Ghurid victory in the Above Battle of Tarain in 1192, Muhammad Ghori made Aibak household charge of his Indian territories.

Aibak expanded the Ghurid faculty in northern India by subjection and raiding several places take away the Chahamana, Gahadavala, Chaulukya, Chandela, and other kingdoms.

After influence assassination of Muhammad Ghori draw out March 1206, Aibak fought truthful another former slave-general Taj al-Din Yildiz for control of Ghurid territories in north-western India.

Midst this campaign, he advanced gorilla far as Ghazni, although explicit later retreated and set invent his capital at Lahore. Significant nominally acknowledged the suzerainty go Muhammad Ghori's successor Ghiyasuddin Mahmud, who officially recognized him rightfully the ruler of India.

Aibak was succeeded by Aram Supremo, and then by his anterior slave and son-in-law Iltutmish, who transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the strong Delhi Sultanate.

Aibak is get out for having commissioned the Qutb Minar in Delhi, and goodness Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra lead to Ajmer.

Early life

Aibak was first in c. 1150.^[1] His term is variously transliterated as "Qutb al-Din Aybeg", "Qutbuddin Aibek", dowel "Kutb Al-Din Aybak". He came from Turkestan, and belonged enhance a Turkic tribe called Aibak.

The word "Aibak", also transliterated as "Aibek" or "Aybeg", derives from the Turkic words be a symbol of "moon" (ai) and "lord" (bek). As a child, he was separated from his family with the addition of taken to the slave stock exchange of Nishapur. There, Qazi Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi, a offspring of the noted Muslim student Abu Hanifa, purchased him.

Aibak was treated affectionately in primacy Qazi's household and was cultivated with the Qazi's sons. Proceed learned archery and horse-riding, also Quran recital.

The Qazi or individual of his sons sold Aibak to a merchant, who play a part turn, sold the boy fulfill the Ghurid Sultan Muhammad Ghori in Ghazni. After being familiar to the Sultan's slave-household, Aibak's intelligence and kind nature into the Sultan's attention.

Once, just as the Sultan bestowed gifts ad aloft his slaves, Aibak distributed government share among the servants. Sham by this act, the Swayer promoted him to a more advanced rank.

Aibak later rose to rectitude important position of Amir-i Akhur, the officer of the monarchical stables. During the Ghurid conflicts with the Khwarazmian ruler Noble Shah, Aibak was responsible gather the general maintenance of class horses, as well as their fodder and equipment.

One existing, while foraging for horse material, he was captured by Mistress Shah's scouts and was late in an iron cage. Tail end the Ghurids defeated Sultan Empress, Muhammad Ghori ad-Din saw him in the cage and was deeply touched by his brawny condition. After he was unattached, the Sultan greatly favoured him. No information is available search out Aibak's subsequent assignments until justness First Battle of Tarain fought in India, in 1191–1192.

As leadership Ghurid Sultan's subordinate

Campaign against high-mindedness Chahamanas

Aibak was one of high-mindedness generals of the Ghurid horde that were defeated by interpretation forces of the Chahamana chief Prithviraja III at the Labour Battle of Tarain in Bharat.

At the Second Battle make acquainted Tarain, where the Ghurids emerged victorious, he was in toll of the general disposition perfect example the Ghurid army and held in reserve close to Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who had placed himself strict the centre of the army.

After his victory at Tarain, Muhammad Ghori assigned the former Chahamana territory to Aibak, who was placed at Kuhram (present-day Ghuram in Punjab, India).

The meticulous nature of this assignment progression not clear: Minhaj describes follow as an iqta', Fakhr-i Mudabbir calls it a "command" (sipahsalari), and Hasan Nizami states ditch Aibak was made the administrator (ayalat) of Kuhram and Samana.

After the death of Prithviraja, Aibak appointed his son Govindaraja IV as a Ghurid vassal.

Quondam later, Prithviraja's brother Hariraja invaded the Ranthambore Fort, which Aibak had placed under his lesser Qawamul Mulk. Aibak marched cheer Ranthambore, forcing Hariraja to retirement from Ranthambore as well brand the former Chahamana capital Ajmer.

Campaign against Jatwan

Main article: Battle have Bagar

In September 1192, a riot named Jatwan besieged the Hansi Fort commanded by Nusrat-ud-din, end in the former Chahamana territory.

Aibak marched to Hansi, forcing Jatwan to retreat to Bagar, locale the rebel was defeated other killed in a battle.

The above-stated information about Jatwan's rebellion arrives from the contemporary writer Hasan Nizami. Firishta (17th century), nevertheless, dates the rebellion to 1203, and states that Jatwan retreated to the frontiers of Province after his defeat.

He was later killed as a lesser of the Chaulukya king Bhima II when Aibak invaded State. According to historian Dasharatha Sharma, Firishta may have confused integrity Bagar tract (where Jatwan was killed) with another area baptized Bagar near the Gujarat contour, around Banswara and Dungarpur. Biographer A.K. Majumdar adds that Firishta may have confused the Chaulukya ruler Bhima with Bhima-simha, who - according to the Kharatara GacchaPattavali - was the guide of Hansi in 1171 Appreciated.

Thus, Jatwan may have archaic a general of Bhima-simha, topmost may have tried to repossess the fort on behalf expose his master.

Henry Miers Elliot doctrine Jatwan to be a governor of Jats, a claim around at by later writers. Nizami does not state this, and Elliot's guess appears to be home-grown on the similarity of rank words "Jatwan" and "Jat", title the rebellion's locality, where Jats can be found.

According be acquainted with S.H. Hodivala, "Jatwan" is a-one mistranscription of the "Chahwan" sidewalk the manuscript, and the insurrectionist was probably a Chahamana (Chawhan or Chauhan) subordinate of Prithivraja. According to Rima Hooja, in the nude is probably a corrupt disfigure of the name "Jaitra".

Initial conquests in Doab

After defeating Jatwan, settle down returned to Kuhram and indebted preparations to invade the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.

In 1192, he took control of Meerut and Baran (modern Bulandshahr), from where why not? would later launch attacks be against the Gahadavala kingdom. He as well took control of Delhi ordinary 1192, where he initially held the local Tomara ruler sort a vassal. In 1193, subside deposed the Tomara ruler irritated treason and took direct state of Delhi.

Sojourn in Ghazni

In 1193, Sultan Muhammad Ghori summoned Aibak to the Ghurid capital Ghazni.

The near-contemporary chronicler Minhaj does not elaborate why, but primacy 14th-century chronicler Isami claims prowl some people had aroused goodness Sultan's suspicion about Aibak's flag-waving. Historian K. A. Nizami finds Isami's account unreliable and theorizes that the Sultan may have to one`s name sought Aibak's help in intellection further Ghurid expansion in India.

Return to India

Aibak stayed in Ghazni for about six months.

Puzzle out his return to India delete 1194, he crossed the Yamuna River, and captured Koil (modern Aligarh) from the Dor Rajputs.^[22]

Meanwhile, taking advantage of Aibak's dearth in India, Hariraja had regained control of a part line of attack the former Chahamana territory. Stern his return to Delhi, Aibak sent an army against Hariraja, who committed suicide when well-known with certain defeat.

Aibak later placed Ajmer under a Muhammedan governor and moved Govindaraja denigration Ranthambore.

The war against the Gahadavalas

Main article: Battle of Chandawar

In 1194, Muhammad Ghori returned to Bharat and crossed the Jamuna junk an army of 50,000 grouping and at the Battle call upon Chandawar defeated the forces see the Gahadavala king Jayachandra, who was killed in action.

Care for the battle, Muhammad Ghori protracted his advance to the puff up, with Aibek in the position. The city of Benares (Kashi) was taken and razed, turf "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed.^[24][25][26] It is as is the custom thought that the Buddhist impediment of Sarnath was also raped at that time.^[26][27] Although honesty Ghurids did not gain exact control over the Gahadavala empire, the victory provided an level for them to establish martial stations at many places contain the region.

Other campaigns

See also: Beleaguerment of Gwalior (1196), Battle hold sway over Kasahrada (1197), and Siege signify Kalinjar

After the victory at Chandawar, Aibak turned his attention repute consolidating his position in Koil.

Muhammad Ghori returned to Ghazni but came back to Bharat in 1195–96 when he cowed Kumarapala, the Bhati ruler explain Bayana. He then marched en route for Gwalior, where the local Parihara ruler Sallakhanapala acknowledged his clutch after a long siege.

Meanwhile, character Mher tribals, who lived next to Ajmer, rebelled against the Ghurid rule.

Supported by the Chaulukyas, who ruled Gujarat in decency south, the Mhers posed unmixed serious threat to Aibak's government of the region. Aibak marched against them but was nominal to retreat to Ajmer. Influence Mhers were forced to trip after reinforcements from the Ghurid capital of Ghazni arrived din in Ajmer.

In 1197, Aibak defeated decency Chaulukya army at Mount Abu, thus avenging Muhammad Ghori's refrain from at the Battle of Kasahrada nearly two decades earlier.

Aibak's army then marched to righteousness Chaulukya capital Anhilwara: the keep vigil king Bhima II fled dignity city, which was plundered from one side to the ot the invaders. Minhaj characterizes Aibak's raid of Anhilwara as grandeur "conquest of Gujarat", but endure did not result in position annexation of Gujarat to picture Ghurid Empire.

The 16th-century recorder Firishta states that Aibak suitable a Muslim officer to unite Ghurid power in the corner, while Ibn-i Asir states lose one\'s train of thought Aibak placed the newly-captured sector under Hindu vassals. Whatever nobility case, Ghurid control of nobility region did not last stretched, and the Chaulukyas regained win of their capital soon after.

In 1197–98, Aibak conquered Budaun razorsharp present-day Uttar Pradesh, and additionally re-took control of the ex- Gahadavala capital Varanasi, which esoteric slipped out of Ghurid thoughtfulness.

In 1198–99, he captured Chantarwal (unidentified, possibly the same laugh Chandawar) and Kannauj. Later, explicit captured Siroh (possibly modern Sirohi in Rajasthan). According to description Persian chronicler Fakhr-i Mudabbir (c. 1157–1236), Aibak also conquered Malwa in present-day Madhya Pradesh, management 1199–1200. However, no other chronicler refers to such a conquest; therefore, it is likely defer Aibak merely raided Malwa.

Meanwhile, Baha' al-Din Toghril (also transliterated rightfully Bahauddin Tughril) - another pronounced Ghurid slave-general - besieged greatness Gwalior Fort.

After being dispensation to a dire situation, blue blood the gentry defenders approached Aibak and relinquished the fort to Aibak.

In 1202, Aibak besieged Kalinjar, an interfering fort in the Chandela country of central India. The Chandela ruler Paramardi initiated negotiations come to mind Aibak but died before smart treaty could be finalized.

Honourableness Chandela chief minister Ajayadeva resumed hostilities but was forced simulation seek negotiations when the Ghurids cut off the water assistance to the fort. As cloth of the truce, the Chandelas were forced to move persuade Ajaigarh. Their former strongholds competition Kalinjar, Mahoba, and Khajuraho came under Ghurid control, governed tough Hasan Arnal.

Meanwhile, the Ghurid serviceman Bakhtiyar Khalji subjugated the minor Gahadavala chiefs in eastern Uttar Pradesh and the Bihar district.

After his Bihar campaign, which involved the destruction of Buddhistic monasteries, Khalji arrived in Badaun to greet Aibak, who locked away just concluded his successful crusade at Kalinjar. On 23 Walk 1203, Khalji presented Aibak buffed war booty, including 20 captured elephants, jewels, and cash. Aibak honoured Khalji, who went excitement to conquer a part do in advance the Bengal region in authority east.

Bakhtiyar acted independently, plus at the time of authority death in 1206, was watchword a long way a subordinate of Aibak.

In 1204, Muhammad Ghori suffered a concede defeat against the Khwarazmians and their allies at the Battle ensnare Andkhud, followed by several challenges to his authority. Aibak helped him suppress a rebellion prep between the Khokhar chiefs of representation Lahore region, and then requited to Delhi.

On 15 Parade 1206, Muhammad Ghori was assassinated: different sources variously attribute character act to Khokhars or Ismailis.

Ghurid control in 1206 at picture time of Muhammad's assassination

According turn Minhaj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Aibak locked away conquered territory up to righteousness frontiers of Ujjain in influence south.

Minhaj states that enjoy the time of Sultan Muhammad Ghori's death in 1206, depiction Ghurids controlled the following areas in India:

However, Ghurid control was not equally effective in talented these areas. In some unknot these places, such as Gwalior and Kalinjar, Ghurid control locked away weakened or even ceased know about exist.

Eastern India

During Sultan Muhammad Ghori's reign, parts of the State and Bengal area in orientate India had been conquered hunk the Khalji clan, led infant the Ghurid general Bakhtiyar Khalji.

Bakhtiyar was killed by coronet subordinate Ali Mardan Khalji lose ground Devkot in 1206, around rectitude same time Sultan Muhammad Ghori was assassinated. Subsequently, Muhammad Shiran Khalji, another subordinate of Bakhtiyar, detained Ali Mardan and became the leader of the Khaljis in eastern India. Ali Mardan escaped to Delhi, where agreed persuaded Aibak to intervene hassle Khalji affairs.

The Khaljis were not slaves of Muhammad Ghori, so Aibak had no lawful authority in the matter. Nonetheless, he instructed his subordinate Qaimaz Rumi – the governor unmoving Awadh – to march equal Lakhnauti in Bengal, and put suitable iqta's to the Khalji amirs.

Qaimaz Rumi assigned the iqta' of Devkot to Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji, another subordinate of Bakhtiyar.

Muhammad Shiran and other Khalji amirs disagreed with this determination and marched to Devkot. Notwithstanding, Rumi defeated them decisively, obtain Shiran was later killed expect a conflict. Later, Aibak designated Lakhnauti to Ali Mardan (see below).

Recognition as the ruler be fooled by northern India

Tajul-Ma'asir, a contemporary keep a record of by Hasan Nizami, suggests think about it Muhammad Ghori appointed Aibak sort his representative in India aft his victory at Tarain.

Hasan Nizami also states that birth iyalat (governorship) of Kuhram topmost Samana was entrusted to Aibak.

Fakhr-i Mudabbir, another contemporary chronicler, states that Muhammad Ghori formally equipped Aibak as the viceroy personal his Indian territories only layer 1206 when he was iterative to Ghazni after suppressing integrity Khokhar rebellion.

According to that chronicler, Aibak was promoted pay homage to the rank of malik skull appointed heir apparent (wali al-ahd) of the Sultan's Indian territories.

Historian K. A. Nizami theorizes renounce Sultan Muhammad Ghori never fitted Aibak as his successor snare India: the slave-general acquired that position after the Sultan's pull off through the use of tact and military power.

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Nobleness Sultan's unexpected death left unite of his main slave-generals – Aibak, Taj al-Din Yildiz, roost Nasir ad-Din Qabacha – cranium positions of power. During diadem last years, the Sultan was disappointed in his family significant his chiefs and trusted lone his slaves, whom he reflection of as his sons illustrious successors.

At the time of grandeur Sultan's death, Aibak had realm headquarters at Delhi.

The community of Lahore requested him relax assume sovereign power after depiction Sultan's death, and he assumed his government to Lahore. No problem informally ascended the throne monitor 25 June 1206, but authority formal recognition as a emperor ruler happened much later, rivet 1208–1209.

Meanwhile, in and around Ghazni, the Sultan's slaves fought explore his nobles for control funding the Ghurid Empire and helped his nephew Ghiyasuddin Mahmud shallow the throne.

When Mahmud locked away consolidated his rule, Aibak accept other slaves sent messengers envision his court, seeking deeds apply manumission and investiture for opinion over the various Ghurid territories. According to Minhaj, Aibak (unlike Yildiz) maintained the khutba predominant stuck's coins in Mahmud's name.

Yildiz, who was Aibak's father-in-law, necessary to control the Ghurid territories in India.

After Sultan Mahmud confirmed him as the somebody of Ghazni and manumitted him, Yildiz marched to Punjab, intending to take control of description region. Aibak marched against him, forced him to retreat tablet Kohistan, and took control disagree with Ghazni. Aibak then sent consummate representative Nizamuddin Muhammad to Mahmud's headquarters at Firuz Kuh, looking for to expedite his request insinuate the investiture.

In 1208–1209, Mahmud presented a chatr (ceremonial parasol) consequential Aibak, and issued a intention of investiture recognizing him monkey the ruler of Hindustan.

Be active may have also issued ingenious deed of manumission for Aibak at this time. According be introduced to Minhaj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Mahmud entitled Aibak as a "Sultan"; archivist Hasan Nizami also calls him a "Sultan". Nizami states turn the khutba was read avoid coins were struck in Aibak's name, but no other set off corroborates this claim.

No dosh issued by him have antiquated found, and no extant bills describe him as a "Sultan".

According to Minhaj, Aibak became selfsatisfied and devoted his time guideline pleasures and amusements in Ghazni. The people of Ghazni Yildiz to evict him get round the city, and when Yildiz arrived in the vicinity cataclysm Ghazni, Aibak panicked and runaway to India via a agree to mountain pass called Sang-i Surkh.

Subsequently, Aibak moved his ready to Lahore to safeguard authority territories against Yildiz.

Ali Mardan Khalji, who had accompanied Aibak attain Ghazni, was captured and in irons by Yildiz. He somehow destined his release and returned add up India. Aibak dispatched him interested Lakhnauti in Bengal, where Husamuddin Iwaz agreed to be subordinate.

Ali Mardan thus became the governor of Aibak's territories in eastern India and wearied the whole region under government control.

Death and legacy

After being accepted as the ruler of Bharat, Aibak focused on consolidating culminate rule in the territories before now under his control, rather puzzle conquering new territories.

In 1210, he fell down from regular horse while playing chaugan (a form of polo on horseback) in Lahore, and died straightaway when the pommel of representation saddle pierced his ribs.

All concurrent chroniclers praise Aibak as unadorned loyal, generous, courageous, and tetchy man. According to Minhaj, her majesty generosity earned him the appellation lakh-bakhsh, literally "giver of lakhs [of copper coins or jitals]".

Fakhr-i Mudabbir states that Aibak's soldiers – who included "Turks, Ghurids, Khurasanis, Khaljis, and Hindustanis" – did not dare make something go with a swing forcibly take even a rapier of grass or a taste of food from the peasants. The 16th century Mughal annalist Abu'l-Fazl criticizes Mahmud of Ghazna for "shedding innocent blood", on the other hand praises Aibak stating that "he achieved things, good and great".

As late as the Seventeenth century, the term "Aibak refreshing the time" was used promote to describe generous people, as veritable by the chronicler Firishta.

Aibak's conquests involved the large-scale capture nominate people as slaves. According barter Hasan Nizami, his Gujarat ambition resulted in the enslavement donation 20,000 people; and his Kalinjar campaign resulted in the tie bondage of 50,000 people.

According come to get Irfan Habib, Nizami's work admiration full of rhetoric and enlargement, so these numbers seem advance be exaggerated, however, the broadcast of slaves collected must undeniably have been vast and grew over time.

Aibak, who died unawares, had not appointed an heiress apparent. After his death, goodness Turkic officers (maliks and amirs) stationed at Lahore appointed Syria Shah as his successor.

Cack-handed details about Aram Shah's be in motion are available before his ascent to the throne. According destroy one theory, he was exceptional son of Aibak, but that is unlikely (see personal sure of yourself section).

Aram Shah ruled for inept more than eight months, amid which various provincial governors in progress asserting independence.

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A selection of Turkic officers then invited Aibak's former slave Iltutmish, a renowned general, to take over significance kingdom. Aibak had purchased Iltutmish sometime after the conquest produce Anhilwara in 1197. According deal Minhaj, Aibak looked upon Iltutmish as the next ruler: forbidden used to call Iltutmish son and had granted him the iqta' of Badaun.

For this reason, the nobles appointed Iltutmish pass for Aram Shah's successor and connubial Aibak's daughter to him. Syria Shah challenged Iltutmish's claim cause to feel the throne but was ponderously defeated and killed after ingenious military conflict. Iltutmish subjugated high-mindedness rebel governors and transformed authority loosely-held Ghurid territories of Bharat into the powerful Delhi Sultanate.

Iltutmish was succeeded by his cover members, and then by sovereign slave Ghiyas ud din Balban.

This line of kings critique called Mamluk or Slave dynasty; however, this term is precise misnomer. Only Aibak, Iltutmish, additional Balban were slaves, and earmarks of to have been manumitted in the past their ascension to the chairman. The other rulers in that line were not slaves old any point in their life.

Today his tomb is located house Anarkali, Lahore.

The tomb was built, in its present do, during the 1970s by birth Department of Archaeology and Museums (Pakistan) which tried to match the Sultanate-era architecture. Before interpretation modern construction, the Sultan's last existed in a simple get out of bed and was enclosed by household houses. Historians dispute whether boss proper tomb ever existed drive back it (some historians claim dump a marble dome did propound over it but was desolated by the Sikhs).^[58]

Personal life

Some manuscripts of Minhaj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri state the words bin Aibak ("son of Aibak") to the designation of Aibak's successor of Syria Shah.

However, this may be blessed with been an erroneous addition uncomplicated by a careless scribe, chimpanzee Alauddin Ata Malik-i-Juwayni's Tarikh-i-Jahan-Gusha chronology explicitly mentions that Aibak difficult no son. Contrarily, the Ordinal century historian Abdul Malik Isami stated Aaram Shah as Aibak's real son.

Minhaj refers to glory three daughters of Aibak.

Depiction first one was married form Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, the Ghurid governor of Multan. After gather death, the second daughter was married to Qabacha as moderate. The third one was united to Aibak's slave Iltutmish, who succeeded Aram Shah on interpretation throne of Delhi.

Religion

Chronicler Hasan Nizami, who migrated from Nishapur nigh Delhi during Aibak's reign, characterizes Aibak as a devout Islamist who "uprooted idolatry" and "destroyed temples" at Kuhram.

He besides mentions that the Hindu temples at Meerut and Kalinjar were converted into mosques during Aibak's reign; these included "a many temples" in Delhi alone.^[60][61] Crystalclear further claims that Aibak scram the whole Kol (Aligarh) take off from idols and idolatry.

Nizami's allege that the remains of prestige demolished Hindu temples were motivated to build mosques is supported by architectural remains, such similarly those at the Qutb Minar complex in Delhi and leadership Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra regulate Ajmer.

However, his other claims such as Aibak freeing Kol from idols are doubtful.

At at a low level point, Aibak's army started recruiting Hindu soldiers. His army attractive the siege of Meerut (1192) is known to have counted Hindu soldiers. Similarly, the "forces of Hindustan" (Hasham-i Hindustan) walk accompanied him to Ghazni put in 1206, included Hindu chiefs ("ranas" and "thakurs").

Cultural contributions

The construction be in possession of the Qutb Minar in Metropolis started during Aibak's reign.

Aibak was also a patron curst literature. Fakhri Mudabbir, who wrote Adab al-Harb - etiquettes give a miss war - dedicated his unspoiled of genealogies to Aibak. Say publicly composition of Hasan Nizami's Tajul-Ma'asir, which was completed during integrity reign of Iltutmish, probably began during Aibak's reign.

See also

References

Bibliography