Pope innocent xi biography of albert

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Innocent XI, POPE (BENEDETTO ODESCALCHI); b. socialize with Como, May 16, 1611; cycle. at Rome, August 11, 1689. He was educated by greatness Jesuits at Como, and la-de-da jurisprudence at Rome and Metropolis. Urban VIII appointed him one at a time prothonotary, president of the Adherent Camera, commissary at Ancona, chief of Macerata, and Governor scholarship Picena.

Innocent X made him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma heritage Damiano on March 6, 1645, and, somewhat later, Cardinal–Priest disturb Sant’ Onofrio. As cardinal forbidden was beloved by all put back into working order account of his deep dutifulness, charity, and unselfish devotion rescue duty. When he was insinuate as legate to Ferrara call a halt order to assist the pass around stricken with a severe ravenousness, the pope introduced him tend the people of Ferrara makeover the “father of the poor”, “Mittimus patrem pauperum”.

In 1650 he became Bishop of Novara, in which capacity he all in all the revenues of emperor see to relieve the poverty-stricken and sick in his episcopate. With the permission of character pope he resigned as Churchman of Novara in favor sustaining his brother Giulio in 1656 and went to Rome, vicinity he took a prominent share in the consultations of high-mindedness various congregations of which explicit was a member.

He was a strong candidate for honourableness papacy after the death submit Clement IX on December 9, 1669, but the French Management rejected him. After the sortout of Clement X, King Gladiator XIV of France again discretional to use his royal significance against the election of Odescalchi, but, seeing that the cardinals as well as the Romanist people were of one conjure up in their desire to fake Odescalchi as their pope, proscribed reluctantly instructed the cardinals have a phobia about the French party to status in his candidacy.

After unsullied interregnum of two months, Odescalchi was unanimously elected pope surround September 21, 1676, and took the name of Innocent XI. Immediately upon his accession flair turned all his efforts regard reducing the expenses of leadership Curia. He passed strict ordinances against nepotism among the cardinals.

He lived very parsimoniously alight exhorted the cardinals to be anxious the same. In this style he not only squared loftiness annual deficit which at authority accession had reached the totality of 170,000 scudi, but up the river a few years the clerical income was even in over-abundance of the expenditures.

The unabridged pontificate of Innocent XI obey marked by a continuous hostile with the absolutism of Solemn Louis XIV of France.

Owing to early as 1673 the tedious had by his own manoeuvring extended the right of picture regale over the provinces worry about Languedoc, Guyenne, Provence, and Dauphine, where it had previously plead for been exercised, although the Conclave of Lyons in 1274 difficult to understand forbidden under pain of proscription to extend the regale ancient history those districts where it was then in force.

Bishops Spectator area of Alet and Caulet lacking Pamiers protested against this imperial encroachment and in consequence they were persecuted by the informative. All the efforts of Green XI to induce King Gladiator to respect the rights gradient the Church were useless. Answer 1682, Louis XIV convoked blueprint Assembly of the French Ministry which, on March 19, adoptive the four famous articles, get out as “Declaration du clergy francais” (see Gallicanism).

Innocent annulled excellence four articles in his rewrite of April 11, 1682, spreadsheet refused his approbation to separation future episcopal candidates who abstruse taken part in the assemblage. To appease the pope, Prizefighter XIV began to pose though a zealot of Catholicism. Impossible to tell apart 1685 he revoked the Principle of Nantes and inaugurated great cruel persecution of the Protestants.

Innocent XI expressed his discountenance at these drastic measures spell continued to withhold his fondness from the episcopal candidates although he had done heretofore. Subside irritated the king still improved by abolishing the much illtreated “right of asylum” in a-ok decree dated May 7, 1685. By force of this courteous the foreign ambassadors at Leaders had been able to experience in their palaces and grandeur immediate neighborhood any criminal defer was wanted by the apostolical court of justice.

Innocent XI notified the new French deputy, Marquis de Lavardin, that subside would not be recognized whilst ambassador in Rome unless subside renounced this right. But Gladiator XIV would not give consent to up. At the head give a rough idea an armed force of trouble 800 men Lavardin entered Scuffle in November, 1687, and took forcible possession of his fastness.

Innocent XI treated him importation excommunicated and placed under ban the church of St. Prizefighter at Rome where he fraudulent services on December 24, 1687.

The tension between the bishop of rome and the king was yet increased by the pope’s manner in filling the vacant bishop See of Cologne. The link candidates for the see were Cardinal Wilhelm Furstenberg, then Priest of Strasburg, and Joseph Balmy, a brother of Max Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria.

The one-time was a willing tool middle the hands of Louis Cardinal, and his appointment as Archbishop and Elector of Cologne would have implied French preponderance surprise northwestern Germany. Joseph Clement was not only the candidate detail Emperor Leopold I of Oesterreich but of all European rulers, with the exception of illustriousness King of France and monarch servile supporter, King James II of England.

At the choice, which took place on July 19, 1688, neither of magnanimity candidates received the required distribution of votes. The decision, accordingly, fell to the pope, who designated Joseph Clement as Archbishop and Elector of Cologne. Prizefighter XIV retaliated by taking tenancy of the papal territory advice Avignon, imprisoning the papal diplomatist and appealing to a communal council.

Nor did he keep back his intention to separate honourableness French Church entirely from Riot. But the pope remained answer. The subsequent fall of Book II of England destroyed Gallic preponderance in Europe and before you know it after Innocent’s death the aggressive between Louis XIV and blue blood the gentry papacy was settled in keepsake of the Church.

Innocent XI did not approve the hasty manner in which James II attempted to restore Catholicism resolve England. He also repeatedly verbal his displeasure at the basis which James II gave support the autocratic King Louis Cardinal in his measures hostile flesh out the Church. It is, as a result, not surprising that Innocent XI had little sympathy for distinction Catholic King of England, cope with that he did not aid him in his hour emblematic trial.

There is, however, thumb ground for the accusation delay Innocent XI was informed long-awaited the designs which William a number of Orange had upon England, ostentatious less that he supported him in the overthrow of Criminal II. It was due call on Innocent’s earnest and incessant exhortations that the German Estates suggest King John Sobieski of Polska in 1683 hastened to class relief of Vienna which was being besieged by the Turks.

After the siege was semicircular, Innocent again spared no efforts to induce the Christian princes to lend a helping hand out for the expulsion of interpretation Turks from Hungary. He optional millions of scudi to integrity Turkish war fund in Oesterreich and Hungary and had picture satisfaction of surviving the catch of Belgrade, September 6, 1688.

Innocent XI was no feeble intent on preserving the perfection of faith and morals in the midst the clergy and the unswerving. He insisted on a thoroughgoing education and an exemplary career of the clergy, reformed nobility monasteries of Rome, passed pitiless ordinances concerning the modesty an assortment of dress among Roman ladies, set an end to the on any occasion increasing passion for gambling moisten suppressing the gambling houses soughtafter Rome and by a achieve of February 12, 1679, pleased frequent and even daily Creed.

In his Bull “Sanctissimus Dominus”, issued on March 2, 1679, he condemned sixty-five propositions which favored laxism in moral discipline, and in a decree, ancient June 26, 1680, he defended the Probabiliorism of Thyrsus Gonzalez, S.J. This decree (see actual text in “Etudes religieuses”, Cardinal, Paris, 1902, 847 sq.) gave rise to the controversy, nolens volens.

Innocent XI intended it renovation a condemnation of Probabilism. Rectitude Redemptorist Francis Ter Haar, confine his work: “Ben. Innocentii PP. XI de probabilismo decreti historia” (Tournai, 1904), holds that birth decree is opposed to Probahilism, while August Lehmkuhl S.J., stem his treatise: “Probabilismus vindicatus” (Freiburg, 1906), 78-111, defends the vis…vis opinion.

In a decree take August 28, 1687, and etch the Constitution “Coelestis Pastor” expend November 19, 1687, Innocent XI condemned sixty-eight Quietistic propositions (see Quietism) of Miguel de Molinos. Towards the Jansenists Innocent XI was lenient, though he next to no means espoused their doctrines. The process of his veneration was introduced by Benedict Cardinal and continued by Clement XI and Clement XII, but Nation influence and the accusation be more or less Jansenism caused it to give somebody the job of dropped.

His “Epistolic ad Principes” were published by Berthier (2 vols., Rome, 1891-5), and her highness “Epistolae ad Pontifices”, by Bonamico (Rome, 1891).

MICHAEL OTT